Surveillance-based estimation of the malaria disease burden in a low endemic state of Punjab, India, targeted for malaria elimination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaspreet Kaur ◽  
Taruna Kaura ◽  
Ayush Sharma ◽  
Ashish Kumar ◽  
M K Pangotra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The State ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
Weighted Estimates ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Malaria Trends

Abstract Background The state of Punjab in India qualifies for malaria elimination because the number of cases reported through routine surveillance is in decline. However, surveillance system prevalence mainly provides malaria trends. Therefore, a prospective epidemiological study was designed to estimate the malaria burden in the state. Methods District-wise annual parasite incidence (API) was used for identification of three strata, representing high, moderate and low API zones. A total of 0.9 million people from nine districts was under malaria surveillance for 1 y. The weighted estimates of API for the three regions was calculated and combined to give an estimate of API for the total population of the state. Results Based upon the primary data generated, malaria cases from high, moderate and low malaria-endemic areas were estimated to be 3727, 904 and 106, respectively. Further, the total number of malaria cases in the state was estimated to be 4737 (95% CI 4006 to 5469) cases per annum. Conclusion Actual burden of malaria in the state of Punjab, India, is about seven to eight times higher than that reported by routine surveillance activities. However, the state still qualifies for malaria elimination but needs vigorous efforts to strengthen the active surveillance and reporting system along with implementation of effective control strategies to achieve malaria elimination.

Malaria elimination in India requires additional surveillance mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manju Rahi ◽  
Payal Das ◽  
Amit Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
The Core ◽  
Reporting Systems ◽  
Geographic Regions

Abstract Malaria surveillance is weak in high malaria burden countries. Surveillance is considered as one of the core interventions for malaria elimination. Impressive reductions in malaria-associated morbidity and mortality have been achieved across the globe, but sustained efforts need to be bolstered up to achieve malaria elimination in endemic countries like India. Poor surveillance data become a hindrance in assessing the progress achieved towards malaria elimination and in channelizing focused interventions to the hotspots. A major obstacle in strengthening India’s reporting systems is that the surveillance data are captured in a fragmented manner by multiple players, in silos, and is distributed across geographic regions. In addition, the data are not reported in near real-time. Furthermore, multiplicity of malaria data resources limits interoperability between them. Here, we deliberate on the acute need of updating India’s surveillance systems from the use of aggregated data to near real-time case-based surveillance. This will help in identifying the drivers of malaria transmission in any locale and therefore will facilitate formulation of appropriate interventional responses rapidly.

scholarly journals Malaria Trigram: improving the visualization of recurrence data for malaria elimination

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cleber Matos de Morais ◽  
Kayo Henrique de Carvalho Monteiro ◽  
Jose Diego Brito-Sousa ◽  
Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro ◽  
Vanderson Souza Sampaio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
Historical Representation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Public Health Professionals ◽  
Brazilian Amazon Region

Abstract Background Although considerable success in reducing the incidence of malaria has been achieved in Brazil in recent years, an increase in the proportion of cases caused by the harder-to-eliminate Plasmodium vivax parasite can be noted. Recurrences in P. vivax malaria cases are due to new mosquito-bite infections, drug resistance or especially from relapses arising from hypnozoites. As such, new innovative surveillance strategies are needed. The aim of this study was to develop an infographic visualization tool to improve individual-level malaria surveillance focused on malaria elimination in the Brazilian Amazon. Methods Action Research methodology was employed to deal with the complex malaria surveillance problem in the Amazon region. Iterative cycles were used, totalling four cycles with a formal validation of an operational version of the Malaria Trigram tool at the end of the process. Further probabilistic data linkage was carried out so that information on the same patients could be linked, allowing for follow-up analysis since the official system was not planned in such way that includes this purpose. Results An infographic user interface was developed for the Malaria Trigram that incorporates all the visual and descriptive power of the Trigram concept. It is a multidimensional and interactive historical representation of malaria cases per patient over time and provides visual input to decision-makers on recurrences of malaria. Conclusions The Malaria Trigram is aimed to help public health professionals and policy makers to recognise and analyse different types of patterns in malaria events, including recurrences and reinfections, based on the current Brazilian health surveillance system, the SIVEP-Malária system, with no additional primary data collection or change in the current process. By using the Malaria Trigram, it is possible to plan and coordinate interventions for malaria elimination that are integrated with other parallel actions in the Brazilian Amazon region, such as vector control management, effective drug and vaccine deployment strategies.

scholarly journals Malaria Trigram: Improving the Visualisation of Recurrence Data for Malaria Elimination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cleber Matos de Morais ◽  
Kayo Henrique de Carvalho Monteiro ◽  
Jose Diego Brito-Sousa ◽  
Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro ◽  
Vanderson Souza Sampaio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
Historical Representation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Brazilian Amazon Region ◽  
Effective Drugs

Abstract Background: Although considerable success in reducing the incidence of malaria has been achieved in Brazil in recent years, an increase in the proportion of cases caused by the harder-to-eliminate Plasmodium vivax parasite can be noted. Recurrences in P. vivax malaria cases are due to new mosquito-bite infections, drug resistance or especially from relapses arising from hypnozoites. As such, new innovative surveillance strategies are needed. The aim of this study was to develop an infographic visualisation tool to improve individual-level malaria surveillance focused on malaria elimination in the Brazilian Amazon.Methods: Action Research methodology was employed to deal with the complex malaria surveillance problem in the Amazon region. Iterative cycles were used, totalling four cycles with a formal validation of an operational version of the Malaria Trigram tool at the end of the process. Further probabilistic data linkage was carried out so that information on the same patients could be linked, allowing for follow-up analysis since the official system was not planned in such way that includes this purpose.Results: An infographic user interface was developed for the Malaria Trigram that incorporates all the visual and descriptive power of the Trigram concept. It is a multidimensional and interactive historical representation of malaria cases historical per patient over time and provides visual input to decision-makers on recurrences of malaria.Conclusions: The Malaria Trigram is aimed to help public health professionals and policy makers to recognise and analyse different types of patterns in malaria events, including recurrences and reinfections, based on the current Brazilian health surveillance system, the SIVEP-Malária system, with no additional primary data collection or change in the current process. By using the Malaria Trigram, it is possible to plan and coordinate interventions for malaria elimination that is integrated with other parallel actions in the Brazilian Amazon region, such as vector control management, developing of an effective drugs for treatment and effective vaccine.

scholarly journals Updates on malaria epidemiology and profile in Cabo Verde from 2010 to 2019: The goal of Elimination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adilson José DePINA ◽  
Gillian Stresman ◽  
Helga Sofia Baptista Barros ◽  
António Lima Moreira ◽  
Abdoulaye Kane Dia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
Imported Cases

Abstract Background: Located in West Africa, Cabo Verde is an archipelago consisting of nine inhabited islands. Malaria has been endemic since the settlement of the islands during the 16th century and is poised to achieve malaria elimination in January 2021. The aim of this research is to characterise the trends in malaria cases from 2010 to 2019 in Cabo Verde as the country transitions from endemic transmission to elimination and prevention of reintroduction phases. Methods: All confirmed malaria cases reported to the Ministry of Health between 2010 and 2019 were extracted from the passive malaria surveillance system. Individual-level data available included age, sex, municipality of residence, and the self-reported countries visited if travelled within the past 30 days, therby classified as imported. Trends in reported cases were visualised and multivariable logistic regression used to assess risk factors associated with a malaria case being imported and differences over time.Results: A total of 814 incident malaria cases were reported in the country between 2010 and 2019, the majority of which were Plasmodium falciparum. Overall, prior to 2017, when the epidemic occurred, 58.08% (95% CI: 53.56-64.59) of infections were classified as imported, whereas during the post-epidemic period, 93.33% (95% CI: 86.97-99.70) were imported. The last locally acquired case was reported in January 2018. Imported malaria cases were more likely to be 25-40 years old (AOR: 15.14, 95% CI: 5.86-39.15) compared to those under 15 years of age and more likely during the post-epidemic period (AOR: 56.12; 95% CI: 13.97-225.49) and most likely to be reported on Sao Vicente Island (AOR=4256.9, 95% CI=260-6.96e+4) compared to Boa Vista. Conclusions: Cabo Verde has made substantial gains in reducing malaria burden in the country over the past decade and are poised to achieve elimination in 2021. However, the high mobility between the islands and continental Africa, where malaria is still highly endemic, means there is a constant risk of malaria reintroduction. Characterisation of imported cases provides useful insight for program and enables better evidence-based decision-making to ensure malaria elimination can be sustained.

Malaria Epidemiology Along the Indian Districts Bordering Bhutan and Implications for Malaria Elimination in the Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar Gupta ◽  
Poonam Saroha ◽  
Kuldeep Singh ◽  
Rekha Saxena ◽  
Keshab Barman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
International Borders ◽  
Areas Of Concern

It is important for malaria-endemic countries to address malaria control across international borders, and in particular to prioritize appropriate rapid diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance. Bhutan and India aim to achieve malaria elimination by 2023 and 2030, respectively. Malaria elimination along the Indo–Bhutan border is of common concern. We delineated malaria epidemiology along the border to provide a blueprint for focusing malaria control efforts in key foci within this region. Epidemiological data from 2015 to 2019 were analyzed, as the most drastic reductions in malaria burden across most parts of India were witnessed in this time frame. Several areas of concern include low surveillance in most border districts, favorable climatic conditions for perennial malaria transmission, and movement of potential parasite carriers because of the porous borders. India and Bhutan need to control the importation/exportation of malaria cases. We highlight the key foci of concern for which implementing tailor-made malaria control strategies may benefit both countries.

scholarly journals Updates on malaria epidemiology and profile in Cabo Verde from 2010 to 2019: The goal of Elimination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adilson José DePINA ◽  
Gillian Stresman ◽  
Helga Sofia Baptista Barros ◽  
António Lima Moreira ◽  
Abdoulaye Kane Dia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
Imported Cases

Abstract Background: Located in West Africa, Cabo Verde is an archipelago consisting of nine inhabited islands. Malaria has been endemic since the settlement of the islands during the 16th century and is poised to achieve malaria elimination in January 2021. The aim of this research is to characterise the trends in malaria cases from 2010 to 2019 in Cabo Verde as the country transitions from endemic transmission to elimination and prevention of reintroduction phases.Methods: All confirmed malaria cases reported to the Ministry of Health between 2010 and 2019 were extracted from the passive malaria surveillance system. Individual-level data available included age, sex, municipality of residence, and the self-reported countries visited if travelled within the past 30 days, therby classified as imported. Trends in reported cases were visualised and multivariable logistic regression used to assess risk factors associated with a malaria case being imported and differences over time.Results: A total of 814 incident malaria cases were reported in the country between 2010 and 2019, the majority of which were Plasmodium falciparum. Overall, prior to 2017, when the epidemic occurred, 58.1% (95% CI: 53.6-64.6) of infections were classified as imported, whereas during the post-epidemic period, 93.3% (95% CI: 86.9-99.7) were imported. The last locally acquired case was reported in January 2018. Imported malaria cases were more likely to be 25-40 years old (AOR: 15.1, 95% CI: 5.9-39.2) compared to those under 15 years of age and more likely during the post-epidemic period (AOR: 56.1; 95% CI: 13.9-225.5) and most likely to be reported on São Vicente Island (AOR=4256.9, 95% CI=260-6.9e+4) compared to Boavista.Conclusions: Cabo Verde has made substantial gains in reducing malaria burden in the country over the past decade and are poised to achieve elimination in 2021. However, the high mobility between the islands and continental Africa, where malaria is still highly endemic, means there is a constant risk of malaria reintroduction. Characterisation of imported cases provides useful insight for program and enables better evidence-based decision-making to ensure malaria elimination can be sustained.

scholarly journals Updates on malaria epidemiology and profile in Cabo Verde from 2010 to 2019: the goal of elimination

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adilson José DePina ◽  
Gillian Stresman ◽  
Helga Sofia Baptista Barros ◽  
António Lima Moreira ◽  
Abdoulaye Kane Dia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
Imported Cases

Abstract Background Located in West Africa, Cabo Verde is an archipelago consisting of nine inhabited islands. Malaria has been endemic since the settlement of the islands during the sixteenth century and is poised to achieve malaria elimination in January 2021. The aim of this research is to characterize the trends in malaria cases from 2010 to 2019 in Cabo Verde as the country transitions from endemic transmission to elimination and prevention of reintroduction phases. Methods All confirmed malaria cases reported to the Ministry of Health between 2010 and 2019 were extracted from the passive malaria surveillance system. Individual-level data available included age, gender, municipality of residence, and the self-reported countries visited if travelled within the past 30 days, therby classified as imported. Trends in reported cases were visualized and multivariable logistic regression used to assess risk factors associated with a malaria case being imported and differences over time. Results A total of 814 incident malaria cases were reported in the country between 2010 and 2019, the majority of which were Plasmodium falciparum. Overall, prior to 2017, when the epidemic occurred, 58.1% (95% CI 53.6–64.6) of infections were classified as imported, whereas during the post-epidemic period, 93.3% (95% CI 86.9–99.7) were imported. The last locally acquired case was reported in January 2018. Imported malaria cases were more likely to be 25–40 years old (AOR: 15.1, 95% CI 5.9–39.2) compared to those under 15 years of age and more likely during the post-epidemic period (AOR: 56.1; 95% CI 13.9–225.5) and most likely to be reported on Sao Vicente Island (AOR = 4256.9, 95% CI = 260–6.9e+4) compared to Boavista. Conclusions Cabo Verde has made substantial gains in reducing malaria burden in the country over the past decade and are poised to achieve elimination in 2021. However, the high mobility between the islands and continental Africa, where malaria is still highly endemic, means there is a constant risk of malaria reintroduction. Characterization of imported cases provides useful insight for programme and enables better evidence-based decision-making to ensure malaria elimination can be sustained.

scholarly journals ILLICIT MARKET FOR TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL IN UKRAINE: METHOD OF STATISTICAL EVALUATION

2018 ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Korotun ◽  
Nadiia Novytska ◽  
Inna Khlebnikova
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
The State ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Excise Tax ◽  
Retail Chain ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Illicit Market ◽  
Goods Market

Introduction. Illegal trade in alcoholic beverages / tobacco products deprives the state of tax revenues and increases the availability of such excisable goods around the world, undermining the goals of social policy. In this regard, the most urgent issue is the introduction and implementation of effective control strategies for the circulation of such goods based on the assessment of their illegal circulation. Accordingly, the urgent issue is the development of a methodology for assessing such illegal circulation and its use in the practice of fiscal authorities, it will allow obtaining information on the volume of non-receipt of excise tax and the effectiveness of controls on illegal circulation. Proceeding from the peculiarities of the development of the alcohol and tobacco segments of the excisable goods market in Ukraine, the authors of the article have developed and proposed a Methodology for assessing the illegal circulation of such excisable goods, it involves the use of macro methods, in particular, the method for estimating the implementation and method of estimating tax revenue losses. The source data base of the Methodology was provided by the official statistics of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the United Nations Trade Commerce Statistics Database, WHO data and the Second Global Adult Tobacco Survey. The purpose of the article is a development of methodology for statistical estimation of the volumes and share of illicit market for tobacco and alcohol and tax gap from such treatment. Results. The proposed methodology consists of four stages, which provide for the determination of the volume of consumption of alcoholic beverages / tobacco products and their sales in the retail chain; trade gap and adjusting the volume of sales of cigarettes in the retail chain; volumes and shares of illegal circulation; the tax break and its share in total tax revenues. Conclusionof the evaluation of the illegal circulation of alcoholic beverages and tobacco products according to the Methodology is indicate about the significant part of them from the legal market of such excisable goods, which was made up 36% for alcoholic beverages on average for 2012–2016, and for tobacco products in the scenario, adjustment of sales volume for trade the gap was 19,3%, in the scenario without adjustment was 13,1%. In turn, the share of losses of excise tax and VAT receipts from illegal circulation of alcoholic beverages / tobacco products was 4,8% in total tax revenues during the analyzed period in the first scenario and in the second scenario was 4,4%.

scholarly journals Assessing the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Drivers and Targeting the Observed Resilience of Malaria in Northwestern and Southern Tanzania: A Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercy G Chiduo ◽  
Celine I. Mandara ◽  
Susan F. Rumisha ◽  
Frank Chaky ◽  
Filbert T. Francis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
Previous Night ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Background Despite high coverage and successes in malaria control strategies, some areas of Tanzania have indicated stagnantion or revesal of malaria burden. In malaria research, most studies are designed to assess drivers of malaria transmission focusing only on one dimension, single location while very few studies assess multiple components and their interactions. This article describes the protocol used to assess intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of persistent malaria transmission (hotsposts) in four regions from northwestern (Geita and Kigoma) and southern (Ruvuma and Mtwara) Tanzania.Results: Preliminary results show that 6,297 HHs and 28,361 individuals with median age of 16yrs (IQR= 7-35yrs) were registered from the 16 villages. Over 49% of individuals used bed-nets in the previous night before the survey and 43.9% of HHs had bed-nets covering two members per household. For parasitological survey, 25.8% of registered individuals (n=7,313) were selected from 2,527 HHs (40.1%) and invited for assessment and sampling. The positivity rate (PR) by mRDTs was 33.3% (range = 21.9% to 41.1%); while by microscopy, the PR was 20.6% and varied from 8.0% to 29.0%. Socio-anthropology interviews were conducted with a total of 1,687 heads/representatives of HHs. For qualitative surveys 32 Focus group discussion (two from each village) and 16 key informant interviews (two per district) were conducted. Thirty-one health facilities were visited for health system survey; 19.4% (n=6) were hospitals; 41.9% (n=13) health centres and 38.7% (n=12) dispensaries. For entomological survey, 8,891 adult mosquitoes were collected, whereby Anopheles gambiae complex, An. funestus group and other mosquitoes accounted for 12.0%, 49.7% and 38.3%, respectively.Conclusion: An analysis plan using data from the five components surveyed has been proposed and results from this study are expected to determine factors potentially responsible for persistence of malaria (hotspots) in the study areas. Rather than the traditional methodology of focusing on one metric, the approach will triangulate observations from all five components, highlighting understanding of potential drivers while studying their complex interactions and map spatial heterogeneity. This study will provide an important framework and data which will guide future studies and malaria surveillance in Tanzania and other malaria endemic countries.

The Principles of Zakat and Tax Upon the Time of Rasulullah SAW.

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Dian Septiandani ◽  
Abd. Shomad
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
General Expense

Zakat is one of principal worship requiring every individual (<em>mukallaf</em>) with considerable property to spend some of the wealth for zakat under several conditions applied within. On the other hand, tax is an obligation assigned to taxpayers and should be deposited into the state based on policies applied, with no direct return as reward, for financing the national general expense. In their development, both zakat and tax had quite attention from Islamic economic thought. Nevertheless, we, at first, wanted to identify the principles of zakat and tax at the time of Rasulullah SAW. Therefore, this study referred to normative research. The primary data was collected through library/document research and the secondary one was collected through literature review by inventorying and collecting textbooks and other documents related to the studied issue.

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