Malaria Epidemiology Along the Indian Districts Bordering Bhutan and Implications for Malaria Elimination in the Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar Gupta ◽  
Poonam Saroha ◽  
Kuldeep Singh ◽  
Rekha Saxena ◽  
Keshab Barman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
International Borders ◽  
Areas Of Concern

It is important for malaria-endemic countries to address malaria control across international borders, and in particular to prioritize appropriate rapid diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance. Bhutan and India aim to achieve malaria elimination by 2023 and 2030, respectively. Malaria elimination along the Indo–Bhutan border is of common concern. We delineated malaria epidemiology along the border to provide a blueprint for focusing malaria control efforts in key foci within this region. Epidemiological data from 2015 to 2019 were analyzed, as the most drastic reductions in malaria burden across most parts of India were witnessed in this time frame. Several areas of concern include low surveillance in most border districts, favorable climatic conditions for perennial malaria transmission, and movement of potential parasite carriers because of the porous borders. India and Bhutan need to control the importation/exportation of malaria cases. We highlight the key foci of concern for which implementing tailor-made malaria control strategies may benefit both countries.

Surveillance-based estimation of the malaria disease burden in a low endemic state of Punjab, India, targeted for malaria elimination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaspreet Kaur ◽  
Taruna Kaura ◽  
Ayush Sharma ◽  
Ashish Kumar ◽  
M K Pangotra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The State ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
Weighted Estimates ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Malaria Trends

Abstract Background The state of Punjab in India qualifies for malaria elimination because the number of cases reported through routine surveillance is in decline. However, surveillance system prevalence mainly provides malaria trends. Therefore, a prospective epidemiological study was designed to estimate the malaria burden in the state. Methods District-wise annual parasite incidence (API) was used for identification of three strata, representing high, moderate and low API zones. A total of 0.9 million people from nine districts was under malaria surveillance for 1 y. The weighted estimates of API for the three regions was calculated and combined to give an estimate of API for the total population of the state. Results Based upon the primary data generated, malaria cases from high, moderate and low malaria-endemic areas were estimated to be 3727, 904 and 106, respectively. Further, the total number of malaria cases in the state was estimated to be 4737 (95% CI 4006 to 5469) cases per annum. Conclusion Actual burden of malaria in the state of Punjab, India, is about seven to eight times higher than that reported by routine surveillance activities. However, the state still qualifies for malaria elimination but needs vigorous efforts to strengthen the active surveillance and reporting system along with implementation of effective control strategies to achieve malaria elimination.

scholarly journals Current Mathematical Models for Analyzing Anti-Malarial Antibody Data with an Eye to Malaria Elimination and Eradication

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Sepúlveda ◽  
Gillian Stresman ◽  
Michael T. White ◽  
Chris J. Drakeley
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
Disease Exposure ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Review Current

The last decade has witnessed a steady reduction of the malaria burden worldwide. With various countries targeting disease elimination in the near future, the popular parasite infection or entomological inoculation rates are becoming less and less informative of the underlying malaria burden due to a reduced number of infected individuals or mosquitoes at the time of sampling. To overcome such problem, alternative measures based on antibodies against specific malaria antigens have gained recent interest in malaria epidemiology due to the possibility of estimating past disease exposure in absence of infected individuals. This paper aims then to review current mathematical models and corresponding statistical approaches used in antibody data analysis. The application of these models is illustrated with three data sets from Equatorial Guinea, Brazilian Amazonia region, and western Kenyan highlands. A brief discussion is also carried out on the future challenges of using these models in the context of malaria elimination.

scholarly journals Trends in malaria cases and stratification of malaria incidence in the malaria elimination setting, Harari Region, Eastern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endashaw Esayas ◽  
Asefa Tufa ◽  
Fekadu Massebo ◽  
Abdulhamid Ahemed ◽  
Ibssa Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Malaria Risk ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
And Control

Abstract Abstract Background: Ethiopia has shown a notable progress in reducing the burden of malaria over the last two decades. Based on the progress, the country shifted from control to elimination of malaria. This study was conducted to analyse trends in malaria cases and stratification of malaria incidence in the malaria elimination setting in eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A retrospective malaria data recorded from 2013 to 2019 were reviewed from Harari Region, eastern Ethiopia. In addition, three years malaria data were used to assess the sub-district ( kebele ) level stratification of malaria incidence. Results: A total of 44,882 (46.9%) malaria cases were detected from 95,629 malaria-suspected outpatient diagnosed in Harari Region from 2013 to 2019. Of these, 41,046 were confirmed malaria cases (microscopically and rapid diagnostic test) while 3,836 were reported as clinical cases. In the region, malaria trend was fluctuating year to year, the high peak was reported in 2016 but malaria cases showed decreasing trend in number of malaria cases from 2017 to 2019. Plasmodium falciparum , P. vivax and mixed infections were accounted for 69.2%, 30.6% and 0.2% of the cases, respectively. The malaria risk appears to be heterogeneous and varies between districts, higher number of malaria cases were recorded in Jenella, Erer and Amir Nur districts, and about 80% of the cases were from these districts. According to the latest (2019) sub-district ( kebele ) level epidemiological data of malaria stratification, 8.3% of the sub-districts in the Harari region reported no malaria and a majority (61.1%) of sub-districts reported fewer than five cases per thousand population. Furthermore, there were no high malaria strata in the Region. The highest peak of malaria cases in the Region was reported from September to November followed by from April to May. Conclusions: In the Harari Region, the retrospective malaria data showed a significant declining trend. Thus, if this achievement is sustained and scaling-up of the existing malaria prevention and control strategies by focusing on those populations living in the higher malaria transmission districts and sub-districts, planning of malaria elimination from the study area might be feasible. Key words: Elimination, Harari region, Ethiopia, Incidence, Malaria, Sub-district, Stratification

scholarly journals Updates on malaria epidemiology and profile in Cabo Verde from 2010 to 2019: The goal of Elimination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adilson José DePINA ◽  
Gillian Stresman ◽  
Helga Sofia Baptista Barros ◽  
António Lima Moreira ◽  
Abdoulaye Kane Dia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
Imported Cases

Abstract Background: Located in West Africa, Cabo Verde is an archipelago consisting of nine inhabited islands. Malaria has been endemic since the settlement of the islands during the 16th century and is poised to achieve malaria elimination in January 2021. The aim of this research is to characterise the trends in malaria cases from 2010 to 2019 in Cabo Verde as the country transitions from endemic transmission to elimination and prevention of reintroduction phases. Methods: All confirmed malaria cases reported to the Ministry of Health between 2010 and 2019 were extracted from the passive malaria surveillance system. Individual-level data available included age, sex, municipality of residence, and the self-reported countries visited if travelled within the past 30 days, therby classified as imported. Trends in reported cases were visualised and multivariable logistic regression used to assess risk factors associated with a malaria case being imported and differences over time.Results: A total of 814 incident malaria cases were reported in the country between 2010 and 2019, the majority of which were Plasmodium falciparum. Overall, prior to 2017, when the epidemic occurred, 58.08% (95% CI: 53.56-64.59) of infections were classified as imported, whereas during the post-epidemic period, 93.33% (95% CI: 86.97-99.70) were imported. The last locally acquired case was reported in January 2018. Imported malaria cases were more likely to be 25-40 years old (AOR: 15.14, 95% CI: 5.86-39.15) compared to those under 15 years of age and more likely during the post-epidemic period (AOR: 56.12; 95% CI: 13.97-225.49) and most likely to be reported on Sao Vicente Island (AOR=4256.9, 95% CI=260-6.96e+4) compared to Boa Vista. Conclusions: Cabo Verde has made substantial gains in reducing malaria burden in the country over the past decade and are poised to achieve elimination in 2021. However, the high mobility between the islands and continental Africa, where malaria is still highly endemic, means there is a constant risk of malaria reintroduction. Characterisation of imported cases provides useful insight for program and enables better evidence-based decision-making to ensure malaria elimination can be sustained.

High Prevalence of Asymptomatic Malaria in Bandafassi, South-east of Senegal: Challenge for Malaria Elimination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Badiane Aida Sadikh ◽  
Tolla NDIAYE ◽  
Thiaw Alphonse Birane ◽  
Deme Awa Binta ◽  
Diallo Mamadou Alpha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Prevalence

Abstract Background: Malaria control and elimination strategies are based on levels of transmission that are usually determined by data collected from health facilities. In endemic areas, asymptomatic malaria is thought to represent the majority of infections and is therefore not diagnosed nor treated. As a consequence, they are missed when analyzing data due to the lack of visiting the health facilities unless they are sick. Therefore, there might be an underestimation of the malaria prevalence resulting in inadequate control strategies. In addition, these untreated asymptomatic cases maintain transmission making it difficult or impossible to reach malaria elimination goals. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in southeastern Senegal. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among asymptomatic individuals (N = 122) living in the village of Andiel located in Bandafassi, Kedougou which consisting of about 200 inhabitants during the malaria transmission season in late October 2019. For each individual without malaria symptoms and who consented to participate in the study, a rapid diagnosis test (RDT) was performed in the field. Results were confirmed in the laboratory with nested PCR and photo-induced electron transfer (PET-PCR). Results: Malaria prevalence was 70.25% with PET-PCR, 41.80% with RDT and 41.32% based on the nested PCR. The majority of the study population; 92.94% was infected with a single species (mono-infection) and 7.06% had two or three species of Plasmodium. P. falciparum was predominant and represented 90.22% of the infections, while 6.52% were due to P. ovale and 3.26% to P. malariae. RDT detected more malaria cases than nested PCR among children and in individuals aged fifteen years and older; PET-PCR detected more cases (64.70%) than nested PCR (62%) and RDT (52.94%) in this age group.Conclusion: Asymptomatic infection is a threat to malaria elimination. In southeastern Senegal, where the transmission is the highest in the country, malaria control strategies should address asymptomatic cases at the community level. This high prevalence of asymptomatic malaria observed suggests that this area is eligible for mass drug administration. Moreover, non-falciparum species could be more common and its prevalence should be determined countrywide.

scholarly journals Veterinary endectocides for malaria control and elimination: prospects and challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 376 (1818) ◽  
pp. 20190810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Chaccour
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Malaria Risk ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Outdoor Biting ◽  
Domestic Livestock

Residual transmission is the persistence of malaria transmission after scale-up of appropriate vector control tools and is one of the key challenges for malaria elimination today. Although long associated with outdoor biting, other mosquito behaviours such as partly feeding upon animals contribute greatly to sustaining transmission. Peri-domestic livestock can be used as decoy to protect humans from blood-seeking vectors but this approach often leads to an increased malaria risk in a phenomenon known as zoopotentiation. Treating the said livestock with drugs capable of killing intestinal parasites as well as mosquitoes that feed upon them has the potential to tackle malaria through a previously unexplored mechanism. The advantages and challenges associated with this approach are briefly discussed here. Numerous references are purposely provided. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases’.

scholarly journals Updates on malaria epidemiology and profile in Cabo Verde from 2010 to 2019: The goal of Elimination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adilson José DePINA ◽  
Gillian Stresman ◽  
Helga Sofia Baptista Barros ◽  
António Lima Moreira ◽  
Abdoulaye Kane Dia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
Imported Cases

Abstract Background: Located in West Africa, Cabo Verde is an archipelago consisting of nine inhabited islands. Malaria has been endemic since the settlement of the islands during the 16th century and is poised to achieve malaria elimination in January 2021. The aim of this research is to characterise the trends in malaria cases from 2010 to 2019 in Cabo Verde as the country transitions from endemic transmission to elimination and prevention of reintroduction phases.Methods: All confirmed malaria cases reported to the Ministry of Health between 2010 and 2019 were extracted from the passive malaria surveillance system. Individual-level data available included age, sex, municipality of residence, and the self-reported countries visited if travelled within the past 30 days, therby classified as imported. Trends in reported cases were visualised and multivariable logistic regression used to assess risk factors associated with a malaria case being imported and differences over time.Results: A total of 814 incident malaria cases were reported in the country between 2010 and 2019, the majority of which were Plasmodium falciparum. Overall, prior to 2017, when the epidemic occurred, 58.1% (95% CI: 53.6-64.6) of infections were classified as imported, whereas during the post-epidemic period, 93.3% (95% CI: 86.9-99.7) were imported. The last locally acquired case was reported in January 2018. Imported malaria cases were more likely to be 25-40 years old (AOR: 15.1, 95% CI: 5.9-39.2) compared to those under 15 years of age and more likely during the post-epidemic period (AOR: 56.1; 95% CI: 13.9-225.5) and most likely to be reported on São Vicente Island (AOR=4256.9, 95% CI=260-6.9e+4) compared to Boavista.Conclusions: Cabo Verde has made substantial gains in reducing malaria burden in the country over the past decade and are poised to achieve elimination in 2021. However, the high mobility between the islands and continental Africa, where malaria is still highly endemic, means there is a constant risk of malaria reintroduction. Characterisation of imported cases provides useful insight for program and enables better evidence-based decision-making to ensure malaria elimination can be sustained.

Malaria today: advances in management and control

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-164
Author(s):  
Ashok K Pannu
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Vaccine ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
And Control ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance

Over the past two decades, malaria-related deaths have reduced substantially, especially in African children. However, the global malaria burden still remains high. The recent emergence of resistance to artemisinin, the backbone of malaria management, could threaten malaria control. Importantly, over the past five years, there has been an upsurge in research in the development of novel antimalarial drugs (and combinations), malaria vaccine and new vector-control strategies that can boost the malaria control programme.

scholarly journals Updates on malaria epidemiology and profile in Cabo Verde from 2010 to 2019: the goal of elimination

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adilson José DePina ◽  
Gillian Stresman ◽  
Helga Sofia Baptista Barros ◽  
António Lima Moreira ◽  
Abdoulaye Kane Dia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
Imported Cases

Abstract Background Located in West Africa, Cabo Verde is an archipelago consisting of nine inhabited islands. Malaria has been endemic since the settlement of the islands during the sixteenth century and is poised to achieve malaria elimination in January 2021. The aim of this research is to characterize the trends in malaria cases from 2010 to 2019 in Cabo Verde as the country transitions from endemic transmission to elimination and prevention of reintroduction phases. Methods All confirmed malaria cases reported to the Ministry of Health between 2010 and 2019 were extracted from the passive malaria surveillance system. Individual-level data available included age, gender, municipality of residence, and the self-reported countries visited if travelled within the past 30 days, therby classified as imported. Trends in reported cases were visualized and multivariable logistic regression used to assess risk factors associated with a malaria case being imported and differences over time. Results A total of 814 incident malaria cases were reported in the country between 2010 and 2019, the majority of which were Plasmodium falciparum. Overall, prior to 2017, when the epidemic occurred, 58.1% (95% CI 53.6–64.6) of infections were classified as imported, whereas during the post-epidemic period, 93.3% (95% CI 86.9–99.7) were imported. The last locally acquired case was reported in January 2018. Imported malaria cases were more likely to be 25–40 years old (AOR: 15.1, 95% CI 5.9–39.2) compared to those under 15 years of age and more likely during the post-epidemic period (AOR: 56.1; 95% CI 13.9–225.5) and most likely to be reported on Sao Vicente Island (AOR = 4256.9, 95% CI = 260–6.9e+4) compared to Boavista. Conclusions Cabo Verde has made substantial gains in reducing malaria burden in the country over the past decade and are poised to achieve elimination in 2021. However, the high mobility between the islands and continental Africa, where malaria is still highly endemic, means there is a constant risk of malaria reintroduction. Characterization of imported cases provides useful insight for programme and enables better evidence-based decision-making to ensure malaria elimination can be sustained.

scholarly journals Trends in Malaria Cases and Stratification of Malaria Incidence in the Malaria Elimination Setting, Harari Region, Eastern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endashaw Esayas ◽  
Kebede Deribe ◽  
Fekadu Massebo ◽  
Solomon Yared ◽  
Asefa Tufa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Malaria Risk ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Ethiopia has shown a notable progress in reducing the burden of malaria over the last two decades. Based on the progress, the country shifted from control to elimination of malaria. This study was conducted to analyse trends in malaria cases and stratification of malaria incidence in the malaria elimination setting in eastern Ethiopia.Methods: A retrospective malaria data recorded from 2013 to 2019 were reviewed from Harari Region, eastern Ethiopia. In addition, three years malaria data were used to assess the sub-district (kebele) level stratification of malaria incidence.Results: A total of 44,882 (46.9%) malaria cases were detected from 95,629 malaria-suspected outpatient diagnosed in Harari Region from 2013 to 2019. Of these, 41,046 were confirmed malaria cases (microscopically and rapid diagnostic test) while 3,836 were reported as clinical cases. In the region, malaria trend was fluctuating year to year, the high peak was reported in 2016 but malaria cases showed decreasing trend in number of malaria cases from 2017 to 2019. Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and mixed infections were accounted for 69.2%, 30.6% and 0.2% of the cases, respectively. The malaria risk appears to be heterogeneous and varies between districts, higher number of malaria cases were recorded in Jenella, Erer and Amir Nur districts, and about 80% of the cases were from these districts. According to the latest (2019) sub-district (kebele) level epidemiological data of malaria stratification, 8.3% of the sub-districts in the Harari region reported no malaria and a majority (61.1%) of sub-districts reported fewer than five cases per thousand population. Furthermore, there were no high malaria strata in the Region. The highest peak of malaria cases in the Region was reported from September to November followed by from April to May.Conclusions: In the Harari Region, the retrospective malaria data showed a significant declining trend. Thus, if this achievement is sustained and scaling-up of the existing malaria prevention and control strategies by focusing on those populations living in the higher malaria transmission districts and sub-districts, planning of malaria elimination from the study area might be feasible.

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