Ectomycorrhizal Inoculation Fails to Improve Performance of Sitka Spruce Seedlings on Clearcuts in Southeastern Alaska

1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 110-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine M. Loopstra ◽  
Charles G. Shaw ◽  
Roy C. Sidle
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Fungal Treatment ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Rotten Wood ◽  
High Fertilization

Abstract Hebeloma crustulini-forme (Bull. ex St. Amans) Quel., Laccaria laccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Berk and Br., and Cenococcum geophilum (L. ex Fr.) Pers. ex Hooker were established as ectomycorrhizae on container-grown Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis [Bong.] Carr.) seedlings that, along with noninoculated controls, were planted in rotten wood, exposed mineral soil, and undisturbed duff on a recently clearcut site in southeastern Alaska. At planting, seedling heights differed significantly among all fungal treatments: the tallest were those inoculated with C. geophilum, the shortest with H. crustuliniforme. High fertilization controls, reared under a standard nursery regime, had significantly greater height and diameter than other treatments at out-planting. Four growing seasons after planting, seedling survival exceeded 99%. Total height and diameter after 4 years, as well as 4-year increments, did not differ significantly among fungal treatments and low fertilization controls. High fertilization controls had greater total heights and diameters than any other treatment; these differences were significant from seedlings inoculated with L. laccata or H. crustiliniforme. Although differences were not significant, seedlings planted in rotten wood, regardless of fungal treatment, had the smallest increase in height after 4 years (136%); those planted in undisturbed duff had the largest (162%). These data support earlier indications that prior colonization by these fungi provides little benefit to out-planted Sitka spruce seedlings on various microsites in southeastern Alaska clearcuttings. West. J. Appl. For. 3(4):110-112, October 1988.

Evaluation of planting sites common to a southeast Alaska clear-cut. III. Effects of microsite type and ectomycorrhizal inoculation on growth and survival of Sitka spruce seedlings

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Shaw III ◽  
Roy C. Sidle ◽  
Arland S. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Fungal Treatment ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The North ◽  
Rotten Wood ◽  
North Side

Hebelomacrustuliniforme (Bull. ex St. Amans) Quel., Laccarialaccata (Scoop. ex Fr.) Berk and Br., and Cenococcumgeophilum (L. ex Fr.) Pers. ex Hooker were established as ectomycorrhizae on container-grown Sitka spruce seedlings. These seedlings and noninoculated controls were planted in rotten wood, exposed mineral soil, undisturbed duff, and undisturbed duff on the north side of large stumps on one clear-cut site in southeast Alaska. At planting, seedling heights differed significantly among fungal treatments: the tallest were those inoculated with C. geophilum, the shortest with H. crustuliniforme. Some height differences persisted after planting, but 3-year height and diameter increments did not differ significantly among fungal treatments and controls. As a percentage of their initial height, seedlings inoculated with L. laccata increased the least in size after 3 years (70%), significantly less than for seedlings with H. crustuliniforme (126%). All test fungi survived for 2 years, but most seedlings were further colonized by one or more on-site ectomycorrhizal fungi, frequently C. geophilum. Regardless of fungal treatment, seedlings in rotten wood had the least percentage increase in height after 3 years (69%), significantly less than the 121% increase for seedlings in undisturbed duff on the north side of stumps. Seedling survival after 3 years was over 92% and did not differ by microsite or fungal treatment. At another clear-cut site, survival of noninoculated seedlings after 3 years was 86% in exposed mineral soil, significantly less than the 98% on all other microsites. Frost heave was the primary cause of mortality. These data suggest that prior colonization by these ectomycorrhizal fungi provides little survival or growth benefit after out planting Sitka spruce seedlings on various microsites in southeast Alaskan clear-cuts. Some improvement in early height growth and survival may be obtained, however, by planting in undisturbed duff, particularly near stumps, and by avoiding exposed mineral soil.

Evaluation of planting sites common to a southeast Alaska clear-cut. IV. Nutrient levels in ectomycorrhizal Sitka spruce seedlings

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy C. Sidle ◽  
Charles G. Shaw III
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The North ◽  
Rotten Wood ◽  
North Side ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Nutritional Benefits

Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) seedlings colonized by the ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccarialaccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Berk and Br., Hebelomacrustuliniforme (Bull, ex St. Amans) Quel., or Cenococcumgeophilum Fr. and a noninoculated control were planted on rotten wood, undisturbed duff, undisturbed duff on the north side of large stumps, and exposed mineral soil in an area recently clear-cut on Chichagof Island, southeast Alaska. Uptake and concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and several micronutrients in foliage, stems, and roots were determined 2 years after outplanting. There were no significant interactions between fungal treatments and microsite types for uptake or concentration of any nutrient. Uptake and concentrations of N and P in foliage and roots did not differ significantly among fungal treatments. Foliar K and Cu concentrations were significantly higher in control seedlings than in those with L. laccata ectomycorrhizae. Calcium was the only nutrient analyzed that was present in higher concentrations in seedlings inoculated with H. crustuliniforme than in controls. Concentrations of foliar P, Mn, and Zn were significantly greater in seedlings grown on undisturbed duff (protected north side) than in seedlings grown on exposed mineral soil. However, foliar concentrations of all nutrients tested were not significantly different between seedlings grown on undisturbed duff (unprotected sites) and those grown on mineral soil. Seedlings grown on rotten wood had significantly greater concentrations of foliar Ca than seedlings grown on either exposed mineral soil or undisturbed duff. The on-site colonization of control seedlings after outplanting indicates that resident ectomycorrhizal fungi readily establish and appear to provide equal if not improved nutrient benefits compared to inoculated seedlings. Greater nutritional benefits were derived by planting on certain microsite types (duff and protected duff) than by inoculating with specific ectomycorrhizal fungi.

Direct seeding of PinusSylvestris using microsite preparation and invigorated seed lots of different quality: 2-year results

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Winsa ◽  
Urban Bergsten
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Mean Germination Time ◽  
Better Than

Direct seeding of Pinussylvestris L. is a regeneration method, with potential for development considering scarification, microsite preparation, seed invigoration, and seed quality. Three seed lots of different quality concerning seed weight, germination percent, and mean germination time were used on two sites in northern Sweden. Microsite preparation, 2 cm deep pyramidal indentations, of the mineral soil improved seedling emergence on the two sites by 48 and 62%, respectively, compared with seeding without preparation other than removal of the humus layer. Microsite preparation in combination with invigorated seed, i.e., seed incubated at 30% moisture content for 7 days at 15 °C, resulted in seedling emergence of about 85% for the highest and about 50% for the lowest seed quality at both sites. Noninvigorated seed, seeded without microsite preparation, reached about 55% for the highest and 22% at one and 43% at the other for the lowest seed quality. Without microsite preparation there was no, or a negative, effect of seed invigoration on seedling emergence. Seedling survival after the first winter improved significantly with better seed quality. Survival averaged 92 and 72% at the two sites, with frost heaving causing most mortality. Seedlings from invigorated and redried seed survived better than seedlings from untreated seed. Seedlings from the best seed quality had higher values in seedling height, about 35%, shoot length, about 60%, and needle length, about 30%, after two growing seasons than seedlings from lower seed qualities. Invigoration and microsite preparation had no effect on measured growth characteristics.

Anchorage of coniferous trees in relation to species, soil type, and rooting depth

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1871-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce C Nicoll ◽  
Barry A Gardiner ◽  
Bill Rayner ◽  
Andrew J Peace
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Root Depth ◽  
Equivalent Mass ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Soil Groups

A database was constructed of tree-anchorage measurements from almost 2000 trees from 12 conifer species that were mechanically overturned on 34 sites in the United Kingdom between 1960 and 2000. Anchorage was compared among species, soil groups (freely-draining mineral, gleyed mineral, peaty mineral, and deep peat) and root depth classes (shallow, <40 cm; medium, 40–80 cm; and deep, >80 cm) using regressions of critical turning moment against stem mass. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) was used as a benchmark because it formed the largest part of the database and was the only species with all soil-group and depth-class combinations. Anchorage of Sitka spruce was strongest on peat and poorest on gleyed mineral soils. Deep rooting increased critical turning moments by 10%–15% compared with trees of equivalent mass with shallower roots. Significantly better anchorage than Sitka spruce was found for grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.), with various rooting depths on freely draining and gleyed mineral soils and for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on medium-depth mineral soil. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) had poorer anchorage than Sitka spruce over a range of soil groups and root depth classes. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on shallow gleyed mineral soil, and Corsican pine (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio (Poir.) Maire) on medium depth mineral soil, also had poorer anchorage. Other combinations had similar anchorage to the equivalent Sitka spruce. These results are discussed with respect to the development of forest wind-risk models.

Retention of needles and seeds on logs in Picea sitchensis – Tsuga heterophylla forests of coastal Oregon and Washington

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1833-1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Tree Recruitment ◽  
Rotten Wood

Logs are a major seedbed in Picea sitchensis – Tsuga heterophylla forests; therefore, the interception and retention of seeds on these surfaces is a potential limitation on tree recruitment. The ability of log surfaces within Picea – Tsuga forests to retain needles and seeds was studied at Cascade Head Experimental Forest, Oregon. Moss- and litter-covered surfaces retained many (48–98%) of the seeds and needles placed on them, but rotten wood, sound wood, and bark of Tsuga heterophylla, Picea sitchensis, and Pseudotsuga menziesii retained few (0–8%). Examination of logs mapped in five Picea sitchensis – Tsuga heterophylla stands in Oregon and Washington indicated a mean projected log cover of 9.9%. Thin (<5 cm) and thick (>5 cm) moss mats were the most abundant log surfaces and covered 59 and 25% of the logs, respectively. Analysis of data on seedbed coverage, retentive characteristics, and seedbed-specific seedling survival indicated approximately 1% of a seed cohort would survive the 1st year on log surfaces.

Predicting the longitudinal modulus of elasticity of Sitka spruce from cellulose orientation and abundance

Holzforschung ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Paul McLean ◽  
Robert Evans ◽  
John R. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Wood Stiffness ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Longitudinal Modulus

Abstract Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) is the most widely planted commercial tree species in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Because of the increasing use of this species for construction, the ability to predict wood stiffness is becoming more important. In this paper, a number of models are developed using data on cellulose abundance and orientation obtained from the SilviScan-3 system to predict the longitudinal modulus of elasticity (MOE) of small defect-free specimens. Longitudinal MOE was obtained from both bending tests and a sonic resonance technique. Overall, stronger relationships were found between the various measures of cellulose abundance and orientation and the dynamic MOE obtained from the sonic resonance measurements, rather than with the static MOE obtained from bending tests. There was only a moderate relationship between wood bulk density and dynamic MOE (R2=0.423), but this relationship was improved when density was divided by microfibril angle (R2=0.760). The best model for predicting both static and dynamic MOE involved the product of bulk density and the coefficient of variation in the azimuthal intensity profile (R2=0.725 and 0.862, respectively). The model parameters obtained for Sitka spruce differed from those obtained in earlier studies on Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus delegatensis, indicating that the model might require recalibration before it can be applied to different species.

Heritability of height growth in 10-year-old Sitka spruce

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 729-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis C. Yeh ◽  
Sven Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Progeny Test ◽  
Northwest Coast ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Family Selection ◽  
Sources Of Variation

Ten-year height growth for Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. was studied in a progeny test of 42 wind-pollinated families from seven stands on the northwest coast of Vancouver Island. Although stand and family-within-stand effects were significant sources of variation, 79% of the phenotypic variance in 10-year height was associated with differences among trees within family plots. Estimates of heritability ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]) indicate that a combination of stand, family-within-stand, and progeny-within-family selection will be effective for a long-term breeding program to increase tree heights in Sitka spruce.Key words: Picea, heritability, quantitative.

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