Anchorage of coniferous trees in relation to species, soil type, and rooting depth

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1871-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce C Nicoll ◽  
Barry A Gardiner ◽  
Bill Rayner ◽  
Andrew J Peace
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Root Depth ◽  
Equivalent Mass ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Soil Groups

A database was constructed of tree-anchorage measurements from almost 2000 trees from 12 conifer species that were mechanically overturned on 34 sites in the United Kingdom between 1960 and 2000. Anchorage was compared among species, soil groups (freely-draining mineral, gleyed mineral, peaty mineral, and deep peat) and root depth classes (shallow, <40 cm; medium, 40–80 cm; and deep, >80 cm) using regressions of critical turning moment against stem mass. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) was used as a benchmark because it formed the largest part of the database and was the only species with all soil-group and depth-class combinations. Anchorage of Sitka spruce was strongest on peat and poorest on gleyed mineral soils. Deep rooting increased critical turning moments by 10%–15% compared with trees of equivalent mass with shallower roots. Significantly better anchorage than Sitka spruce was found for grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.), with various rooting depths on freely draining and gleyed mineral soils and for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on medium-depth mineral soil. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) had poorer anchorage than Sitka spruce over a range of soil groups and root depth classes. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on shallow gleyed mineral soil, and Corsican pine (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio (Poir.) Maire) on medium depth mineral soil, also had poorer anchorage. Other combinations had similar anchorage to the equivalent Sitka spruce. These results are discussed with respect to the development of forest wind-risk models.

Factors contributing to the superior growth and N nutrition of 11-year-old lodgepole pine compared with Sitka spruce on a N-poor cedar-hemlock cutover

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1272-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen S Bothwell ◽  
Cindy E Prescott ◽  
Melanie D Jones
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Nitrogen Retranslocation ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Poor Site

We tested several hypotheses to explain the superior growth and nitrogen (N) status of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Laws. var. contorta) compared with Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) on a N-poor site by comparing N distribution, N retranslocation, rooting distribution, and mycorrhizal fungi in plots of 11-year-old trees on a cedar–hemlock cutover. Aboveground N content was nine times greater in pine than in spruce of the same age, and thus, we conclude that pine acquired more N during the 11 years than spruce. Greater N acquisition by pine was not related to rooting depth, as both species rooted primarily in the residual forest floor. There were differences in mycorrhizal fungal associates: a high proportion of pine roots were infected with Suillus-like fungi. Pine produced more aboveground biomass per unit N (388 compared with 292 g·g–1 in spruce) and distributed more N to young foliage. Nitrogen retranslocation efficiency (based on foliar N contents in July and October) was higher in pine (50–52%) than in spruce (24–36%). These characteristics all appear to contribute to pine's abilities to both acquire more N and use it more efficiently and, thus, outperform spruce on this N-poor site.

Forest Fertilization in Ireland

1976 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Forest Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Phosphatic Fertilizers

Fertilizers have been in operational use in Irish forestry for almost 25 years. At present, 12 000-16 000 ha of forest land are fertilized annually. Deficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus are widely encountered, particularly in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) on infertile peatland sites. Forest fertilization research in Ireland has been centered, to a large extent, on the nutrition of this species on peat soils. Current work on mineral soils includes the investigation of the response to fertilizers on moderately fertile sites. Preliminary results indicate that phosphatic fertilizers may be effective in these situations.

Postglacial vegetation history of Mitkof Island, Alexander Archipelago, southeastern Alaska

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Ager ◽  
Paul E. Carrara ◽  
Jane L. Smith ◽  
Victoria Anne ◽  
Joni Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Vegetation History ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
History Of

An AMS radiocarbon-dated pollen record from a peat deposit on Mitkof Island, southeastern Alaska provides a vegetation history spanning ∼12,900 cal yr BP to the present. Late Wisconsin glaciers covered the entire island; deglaciation occurred > 15,400 cal yr BP. The earliest known vegetation to develop on the island (∼12,900 cal yr BP) was pine woodland (Pinus contorta) with alder (Alnus), sedges (Cyperaceae) and ferns (Polypodiaceae type). By ∼12,240 cal yr BP, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) began to colonize the island while pine woodland declined. By ∼11,200 cal yr BP, mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) began to spread across the island. Sitka spruce-mountain hemlock forests dominated the lowland landscapes of the island until ∼10,180 cal yr BP, when western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) began to colonize, and soon became the dominant tree species. Rising percentages of pine, sedge, and sphagnum after ∼7100 cal yr BP may reflect an expansion of peat bog habitats as regional climate began to shift to cooler, wetter conditions. A decline in alders at that time suggests that coastal forests had spread into the island's uplands, replacing large areas of alder thickets. Cedars (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Thuja plicata) appeared on Mitkof Island during the late Holocene.

Ectomycorrhizal Inoculation Fails to Improve Performance of Sitka Spruce Seedlings on Clearcuts in Southeastern Alaska

1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 110-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine M. Loopstra ◽  
Charles G. Shaw ◽  
Roy C. Sidle
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Fungal Treatment ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Rotten Wood ◽  
High Fertilization

Abstract Hebeloma crustulini-forme (Bull. ex St. Amans) Quel., Laccaria laccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Berk and Br., and Cenococcum geophilum (L. ex Fr.) Pers. ex Hooker were established as ectomycorrhizae on container-grown Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis [Bong.] Carr.) seedlings that, along with noninoculated controls, were planted in rotten wood, exposed mineral soil, and undisturbed duff on a recently clearcut site in southeastern Alaska. At planting, seedling heights differed significantly among all fungal treatments: the tallest were those inoculated with C. geophilum, the shortest with H. crustuliniforme. High fertilization controls, reared under a standard nursery regime, had significantly greater height and diameter than other treatments at out-planting. Four growing seasons after planting, seedling survival exceeded 99%. Total height and diameter after 4 years, as well as 4-year increments, did not differ significantly among fungal treatments and low fertilization controls. High fertilization controls had greater total heights and diameters than any other treatment; these differences were significant from seedlings inoculated with L. laccata or H. crustiliniforme. Although differences were not significant, seedlings planted in rotten wood, regardless of fungal treatment, had the smallest increase in height after 4 years (136%); those planted in undisturbed duff had the largest (162%). These data support earlier indications that prior colonization by these fungi provides little benefit to out-planted Sitka spruce seedlings on various microsites in southeastern Alaska clearcuttings. West. J. Appl. For. 3(4):110-112, October 1988.

LABORATORY FEEDING AND COLONIZATION OF NON-HOST LODGEPOLE PINE BY TWO POPULATIONS OF PISSODES STROBI (PECK) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rene I. Alfaro
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Two Populations

AbstractTwo populations of Pissodes strobi (Peck), one from Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr, and the other from Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., were successfully induced to oviposit on the non-host lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. var latifolia. The number of egg punctures excavated on the non-host was smaller than that on either Sitka or Engelmann spruce. Survival from egg to adult was similar on the non-host and the host trees. The two weevil populations differed in the degree to which lodgepole pine met the nutritional requirements for weevil development, as measured by weight of weevils and developmental time from egg to adult. In choice-feeding experiments, weevils reared in lodgepole pine rejected this species and chose Sitka spruce, suggesting that feeding preference in P. strobi is genetically fixed and therefore cannot be changed by rearing the insects on the non-host tree. The importance of these findings is discussed in relation to the idea of weevil control through the development of weevil-resistant varieties.

Evaluation of planting sites common to a southeast Alaska clear-cut. IV. Nutrient levels in ectomycorrhizal Sitka spruce seedlings

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy C. Sidle ◽  
Charles G. Shaw III
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The North ◽  
Rotten Wood ◽  
North Side ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Nutritional Benefits

Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) seedlings colonized by the ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccarialaccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Berk and Br., Hebelomacrustuliniforme (Bull, ex St. Amans) Quel., or Cenococcumgeophilum Fr. and a noninoculated control were planted on rotten wood, undisturbed duff, undisturbed duff on the north side of large stumps, and exposed mineral soil in an area recently clear-cut on Chichagof Island, southeast Alaska. Uptake and concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and several micronutrients in foliage, stems, and roots were determined 2 years after outplanting. There were no significant interactions between fungal treatments and microsite types for uptake or concentration of any nutrient. Uptake and concentrations of N and P in foliage and roots did not differ significantly among fungal treatments. Foliar K and Cu concentrations were significantly higher in control seedlings than in those with L. laccata ectomycorrhizae. Calcium was the only nutrient analyzed that was present in higher concentrations in seedlings inoculated with H. crustuliniforme than in controls. Concentrations of foliar P, Mn, and Zn were significantly greater in seedlings grown on undisturbed duff (protected north side) than in seedlings grown on exposed mineral soil. However, foliar concentrations of all nutrients tested were not significantly different between seedlings grown on undisturbed duff (unprotected sites) and those grown on mineral soil. Seedlings grown on rotten wood had significantly greater concentrations of foliar Ca than seedlings grown on either exposed mineral soil or undisturbed duff. The on-site colonization of control seedlings after outplanting indicates that resident ectomycorrhizal fungi readily establish and appear to provide equal if not improved nutrient benefits compared to inoculated seedlings. Greater nutritional benefits were derived by planting on certain microsite types (duff and protected duff) than by inoculating with specific ectomycorrhizal fungi.

scholarly journals Root-Plate Characteristics of Common Aspen in Hemiboreal Forests of Latvia: A Case Study

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Valters Samariks ◽  
Dace Brizga ◽  
Jeļena Rūba ◽  
Andris Seipulis ◽  
Āris Jansons
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Root Plate

Climate change will cause winds to strengthen and storms to become more frequent in Northern Europe. Windstorms reduce the financial value of forests by bending, breaking, or uprooting trees, and wind-thrown trees cause additional economic losses. The resistance of trees to wind damage depends on tree species, tree- and stand-scale parameters, and root-soil plate characteristics such as root-plate size, weight, and rooting depth. The root-soil plate is a complex structure whose mechanical strength is dependent on root-plate width and depth, as the root system provides root attachment with soil and structural support. In Latvia, the common aspen (Populus tremula L.) root system has been studied to develop a belowground biomass model, because information about root system characteristics in relation to tree wind resistance is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the root-plate dimensions of common aspen stands on fertile mineral soil (luvisol). Study material was collected in the central region of Latvia, where pure mature (41–60 years old) common aspen stands were randomly selected, and dominant trees within the stand were chosen. In total, ten sample trees from ten stands were uprooted. The diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height (H) were measured for each sample tree, and their roots were excavated, divided into groups, washed, measured, and weighed. The highest naturally moist biomass values were observed for coarse roots, and fine root biomass was significantly lower compared to other root groups. All root group biomass values had a strong correlation with the tree DBH. The obtained results show that there is a close, negative relationship between the relative distance from the stem and the relative root-plate depth distribution.

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