Employment- and Wage-Consumption Ratios for Montana's Forest Products Manufacturers

Abstract This article presents information on employment and payroll generated per unit volume of timber or wood fiber processed by the various manufacturing sectors of Montana's forest products industry for 1987-1989. Average employment ranged from a high of 117 workers per million cubic feet (mmcf) of wood fiber processed at house log plants, to a low of 12 workers per mmcf at stud mills. Employment-consumption ratios for cedar products plants and producers of utility poles and posts and small poles were 48, 47, and 34 workers per mmcf respectively. At sawmills, employment-consumption ratios ranged from 23 workers per mmcf for board mills to 12 workers per mmcf for stud mills. Plywood plants are slightly more labor intensive than board mills, employing 26 workers per mmcf of wood fiber processed. The processing of mill residue from sawmills and plywood plants by such users as the pulp and paper industry adds substantially to the employment per unit volume of timber processed. Because different components of the industry often use timber of different sizes, species, and quality, changes in the kind of timber available can have considerable influence on the structure of the industry and related employment. West. J. Appl. For. 8(2):54-57.

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Market structure and economic performance of forest products industry in Ontario and Canada

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x85-020 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 115-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. C. Nautiyal ◽

B. K. Singh ◽

O. Menezes

Keyword(s):

Market Structure ◽

Economies Of Scale ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Forest Products ◽

Pulp And Paper Industry ◽

Forest Products Industry ◽

Homogeneous Part ◽

Lumber Industry ◽

Plywood Industry ◽

Forest Industries

Market structure for three major groups of Ontario and Canadian forest products industry was examined over the years 1975–1980 and 1965–1980, respectively, in terms of domestic seller concentration ratios. The analysis indicated that forest industries in Ontario are more or less a homogeneous part of those in Canada. However, patterns of change in concentration over time in both jurisdictions are different. Lumber industry in Ontario as well as in Canada, though not very competitive, is certainly unconcentrated. The pulp and paper industry, on the other hand, is mildly oligopolistic in both jurisdictions. The relatively small veneer and plywood industry is mildly oligopolistic in Ontario, but strongly so in Canada. Profitability of forest industries in Canada is positively and significantly related to the proportion of output exported and to the degree of domestic seller concentration. This degree of concentration, in turn, seems to be largely determined by the presence of economies of scale.

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Using derived demand techniques to estimate Ontario roundwood demand

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x83-156 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1174-1184 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. C. Nautiyal ◽

B. K. Singh

Keyword(s):

Paper Industry ◽

Forest Products ◽

Pulp And Paper Industry ◽

The Other ◽

Production Functions ◽

Elasticity Of Substitution ◽

Lumber Industry ◽

Constant Elasticity ◽

Constant Elasticity Of Substitution ◽

Derived Demand

Derived demand for roundwood created by the three major forest-products industries in Ontario from 1952 to 1980 was estimated from the production functions of the industries. The Cobb–Douglas function represents the lumber and the veneer and plywood industries, and the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) function represents the pulp and paper industry. In all three industries, the derived demand for roundwood is price inelastic. A theorem that the sum of partial price elasticities of derived demand when output of the final product is held constant is equal to zero has been proved. Demand by the lumber industry showed regular fluctuations throughout the 29-year period of study, while that by the other two industries rose steadily except for a few slumps.

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Forests, fiber, and the environment – In view of the fiber supply to the pulp and paper industry

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc75247-2 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 247-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dinesh Mohta ◽

D. N. Roy

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Wood Fiber ◽

Pulp And Paper Industry ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Wood Pulp ◽

Vital Role ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

High Yield ◽

Paper Mills

Forests play a vital role in the social, economic, and environmental development of any country. Paper, composed principally of wood fiber, is an essential commodity in promoting literacy, communication, documentation, and packaging. However, there is much concern about the world's forests being over-utilized. This has led to serious repercussions, not only to humanity, but also to the earth's biodiversity as a whole. It is now time that forests be used in a more responsible and ethical manner. Because of reduced forest area, increasing pulpwood costs, and an increasing demand for pulp and paper products, it might be expected that the focus would shift to high yield pulping processes or to the use of cellulosic non-wood raw materials. Non-woods are available in good supply all over the world, but are currently under-utilized. It is estimated that replacing 5–10% of wood pulp with non-wood pulp would have an important impact on the conservation of forests and the environment. This replacement of wood pulp by non-wood pulp could be environmentally and economically acceptable even in developed countries. By doing so, pulp and paper mills would have a lead role in reducing their dependency on forests for fiber. This determination and commitment would enhance the long-term sustainability of forests and the pulp and paper industry. Above all, it would be a sustainable step towards "our common future." Key words: forest, sustainable development, fiber supply, pulp and paper, non-woods

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The use of aerobic selectors in activated sludge systems for treatment of wastewater from the pulp and paper industry

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0513 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 35 (2-3) ◽

pp. 181-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Eva Dalentoft ◽

Peter Thulin

Keyword(s):

Paper Industry ◽

Paper Mill ◽

Pulp And Paper Industry ◽

Quality Changes ◽

Cod Reduction ◽

Paper Mill Effluent ◽

Stable Function ◽

High Fraction ◽

And Storage ◽

Activated Sludge Systems

Lab-scale have been made with an aerobic selector followed by an aerated reactor. Sulphate mill effluent and waste paper mill effluent were used during the tests. It was verified that the treatment system could produce a sludge with an SVI below 140 ml/g and a high COD-reduction. It was also found that a high fraction of the COD was reduced as uptake and storage in the selector. The COD was thereafter oxidized in the aerated reactor. Full scale plants have been studied where aerobic selectors are used. The plants produce a sludge with a stable SVI below 150 ml/g. This enables a stable function regarding COD-reduction at varying loading conditions and at frequent product quality changes.

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Non-Wood Fiber as an Alternative to Wood Fiber in Chinas Pulp and Paper Industry

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2001.036 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 219-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

A. L. Hammett ◽

Robert L. Youngs ◽

Xiufang Sun ◽

Mudit Chandra

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Wood Fiber ◽

Pulp And Paper Industry ◽

Agricultural Residues ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chemical Recovery ◽

Wood Fibers ◽

Chinese Market

Summary The pulp and paper industry in China has been growing rapidly as the nation's population and economy have grown. As a result, there has been a huge demand for pulp and paper raw materials. China has a long tradition for using non-wood raw materials for pulp and paper due to its limited forest resources and rich supply of agricultural residues and non-wood plants. Agricultural residues, such as rice straw and wheat straw, are traditional raw materials for China's paper industry. Massive plantation of bamboo provides an increasingly important source of raw material for pulp and paper. Problems with non-wood fiber include collection and transportation, storage and handling, washing, bleaching, papermaking, and chemical recovery. Small mills, primary users of non-wood fiber, are typically deficient in pollution control and subject to government closure. This paper reviews non-wood fibers commonly used in China's pulp and paper industry. By increased knowledge of use of non-wood fibers, wood suppliers can plan for access to the growing Chinese market.

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Co-cooking nonwoods with hardwoods

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj13.6.19 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 19-24

Author(s):

TROY RUNGE ◽

CHUNHUI ZHANG

Keyword(s):

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

High Performance ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Pulp And Paper Industry ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Agricultural Residues ◽

Kraft Pulping ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Strength Increase ◽

Xylan Content

Agricultural residues and energy crops are promising resources that can be utilized in the pulp and paper industry. This study examines the potential of co-cooking nonwood materials with hardwoods as means to incorporate nonwood material into a paper furnish. Specifically, miscanthus, switchgrass, and corn stover were substituted for poplar hardwood chips in the amounts of 10 wt %, 20 wt %, and 30 wt %, and the blends were subjected to kraft pulping experiments. The pulps were then bleached with an OD(EP)D sequence and then refined and formed into handsheets to characterize their physical properties. Surprisingly, all three co-cooked pulps showed improved strength properties (up to 35%). Sugar measurement of the pulps by high-performance liquid chromatography suggested that the strength increase correlated with enriched xylan content.

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Does the kappa number method accurately reflect lignin content in nonwood pulps?

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj17.11.611 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 611-617

Author(s):

Sabrina Burkhardt

Keyword(s):

Lignin Content ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Pulp And Paper Industry ◽

Original Data ◽

Kappa Number ◽

Klason Lignin ◽

Organic Functional Groups ◽

Pulp Properties ◽

Wood Pulps ◽

Hexenuronic Acid

The traditional kappa number method was developed in 1960 as a way to more quickly determine the level of lignin remaining in a completed or in-progress pulp. A significantly faster approach than the Klason lignin procedure, the kappa number method is based on the reaction of a strong oxidizing agent (KMnO4) with lignin and small amounts of other organic functional groups present in the pulp, such as hexenuronic acid. While the usefulness of the kappa number for providing information about bleaching requirements and pulp properties has arguably transformed the pulp and paper industry, it has been mostly developed for kraft, sulfite, and soda wood pulps. Nonwood species have a different chemical makeup than hardwood or softwood sources. These chemical differ-ences can influence kappa and Klason measurements on the pulp and lead to wide ranges of error. Both original data from Sustainable Fiber Technologies’ sulfur and chlorine-free pulping process and kappa and Klason data from various nonwood pulp literature sources will be presented to challenge the assumption that the kappa number accurately represents lignin content in nonwood pulps.

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