Development of Plywood Binder by Partial Replacement of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins with Birch Outer Bark Components

The apparent shift in climate has resulted in the pursuit of environmentally friendly bio-based products to reduce the carbon footprint. In the scientific literature, there are many attempts to make phenol-formaldehyde resins (PFR) more sustainable by using bio-based phenolics in the synthesis instead of petroleum-based phenol. However, it is also important to reduce the content of formaldehyde in the binder, the vapours of which are toxic and even carcinogenic to the human body. One of the technologically simplest solutions could be the incorporation of another bio-based wood composite binder into the completed industrial PFR. In turn, birch outer bark suberinic acids are an effective, ecological, thermosetting binder to produce mechanically durable and moisture-resistant wood composites. The aim of the study was to adapt the components of birch outer bark (suberinic acids and betulin-based extractives) for their incorporation into industrial PFR and to find the optimal degree of resins replacement in practical experiments. At the same time, to keep a similar level of the bending strength and moisture resistance (shear strength) of the plywood bonded with the modified binder compared to pure industrial PFR. As a result, it was found that it was possible to replace up to 30 wt% (dry basis) of the industrial PFR with birch outer bark components to obtain birch plywood without significant loss of the bending strength and moisture resistance. In this way, it would be possible to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of the synthetic PFR binder in the birch plywood industry by using birch processing residues.

PLYWOOD PRODUCTION. THE PROSPECT OF FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

This article discusses the use of wood heat treatment techniques in the plywood industry. Particular attention is paid to the problem of increasing demand for plywood in the future. The presented material proposes an alternative method of obtaining the product before pushing on veneer.

Fatores Intrínsecos e Extrínsecos: um estudo de caso de uma empresa pertencente à indústria de compensados no sudeste do Pará ## Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors: a case study of a company belonging to the plywood industry in southeast of Pará

O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar os fatores presentes na satisfação e motivação dos colaboradores de uma indústria de compensados situada na região sudeste do Pará, com base nas teorias das necessidades básicas de Maslow (1970) e motivação de Herzberg (1986). Para tanto, esta pesquisa descritiva de natureza quantitativa aplicou questionário estruturado baseado nos modelos proposto por Meliá, Peiró e Calatayud (1986) e Meliá e Peiró (1998) junto a 67 funcionários de uma indústria de compensados no Sudeste do Pará. O método de tratamento empregado foi à análise fatorial exploratória buscando-se assim, auferir os fatores motivacionais. Os resultados evidenciam os, os fatores identificados no construto satisfação foram: Estabilidade na Empresa (EE), Ideias Organizacionais (IO) e Responsabilidade (RSP), em relação ao construto motivação, os fatores identificados foram: Participação (PRT), Estabilidade (EST) e Desafios Organizacionais (DO). A partir dos resultados encontrados para cada fator analisado, pode-se concluir que os fatores identificados na AFE estão em consonância com a teoria bifatorial de Herzberg (1968, 1986), como também na teoria de Maslow (1970) estabelecidas para compreender a satisfação dos empregados e sua relação com a motivação. ABSTRACTThe objective of this research was to identify the patients presented in the satisfaction and motivation of the employees of the compensation industry located in the southeastern region of Pará, based on the theories of Maslow (1970) and motivation of Herzberg (1986). For this, this descriptive research of quantitative nature applied to the structured questionnaire in our models proposed by Meliá, Peiró & Calatayud (1986) and Melia & Peiró (1998) with 67 employees of a plywood industry in the Southeast of Pará. The treatment method used was the exploratory factor analysis, seeking to obtain the motivational factors. The results show that the factors identified were Participation (PRT), Stability (EST), and Stability in Enterprise (EE), Organizational Ideas (IO) and Responsibility (RSP). Organizational Challenges (OD). From the results found for each factor analyzed, it can be concluded that the factors identified in the AFE are in line with Herzberg's (1968, 1986) two-factor theory, as well as Maslow's (1970) theory for employee satisfaction and relationship with a motivation.

Studi Rendemen Finir dan Besarnya Limbah Pada Pengupasan Finir dengan Mesin Rotary Lathe Tipe Spindleless

In general, the log-block peeling yield on a rotary lathe machine ranges from 70 - 80% of the log volume in the form of veneer, and the remaining 20-30% is waste. This variation depends on the quality and type (species) of the log of the raw material. The veneer peeling usually consist of the face and back veneer (continuous veneer) ranging from 50% to 70% and core veneer as poly piece veneer ranging from 20 to 30%. Under certain conditions, the waste can reach up to 50% including losses due to rounding, shrinkage of the veneer, cracks, spurs, and pith (log-core). From the description above and several other observations, the research was carried out regarding this matter. There is a way to reduce the amount of waste in log peeling using rotary machines and at the same time increasing the recovery peeling. Thus, it will reduce production costs and increase profits for the company. One of the contributors to a large amount of veneer peeling waste is the use of rotary lathe veneer peeling machines with large spindles which are still widely used in veneer and plywood factories (plymill), especially in Indonesia. So far, on average half of raw logs turn into waste, and 25 percent is contributed by a rotary lathe machine. Meanwhile, on the other hand, the need for plywood products will continue to increase day by day. This is because plywood is one of the most environmentally friendly building materials and comes from renewable natural resources. Along with the development of the plywood industry, the increase of raw material needs is inevitable. So, waste products will also continue to increase too. In this regard, there must be fundamental changes in this industry, including the use of rotary lathe without spindles as the substitute from the conventional machine. In relevance to this situation, this research was directed with the aim of knowing the yield and amount of veneer peeled by a spindle-less rotary lathe machine and at the same time to find out the waste it produces. So, this information can later become a consideration for stakeholders to replace the old rotary lathe with a type spindle-less without a doubt. The results show that veneer peeling using a spindle-less rotary lathe machine increases the yield of the veneer and reduce the amount of waste. Most of the peeling results are in the form of a veneer consisting of 58.83% continuous/endless veneer for the face/back, and 22.83% of poly piece core (odd veneer) from the core veneer. The total veneer yield is 81.67%. The remaining were 1.32%, 0.93%, and 16.08% for log-core waste, cut edge finish, and round-up veneer, respectively. The spindle-less rotary lathe machine has provided increased yields and significantly reduced the amount of waste. Keywords : Waste, rotary lathe, spindle-less, veneer.

Berteologi Kontekstual dari Sasi Humah Koin di Fena Waekose – Pulau Buru

This article departed from the reality of forest exploitation on Buru Island by the community, the operation of PT. Gema Sanubari and the plywood industry in 1980, so that most of the forest became deforested. This article aimed to construct an ecotheology that derives from the values contained in sasi humah koin, in the context of nature conservation efforts. This study was conducted by qualitative method, by collecting data through in-depth interviews with the king, traditional figures, and community leaders in Fena Waekose. Based on the analysis carried out, the sasi humah koin contain value and at the same time can be an instrument in nature preservation effort. Thus, it can be concluded that Christian theology can dialogue with local wisdom that will give poser in nature conservation.Abstrak. Artikel ini mengacu dari realitas eksploitasi hutan di Pulau Buru oleh masyarakat, hadirnya PT. Gema Sanubari dan industri kayu lapis pada tahun 1980, sehingga sebagian besar hutan menjadi gundul. Tujuan artikel ini adalah mengembangkan ekoteologi yang bersumber dari nilai yang terkandung dalam sasi humah koin, dalam rangka upaya pelestarian alam. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan pengambilan data melalui wawancara mendalam dengan Raja, Tokoh Adat, dan Tokoh Masyarakat di Fena Waekose. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, sasi humah koin mengandung nilai dan sekaligus dapat menjadi instrument dalam upaya pelestarian alam. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa teologi Kristen dapat berdialog dengan kearifan lokal untuk menjadi kekuatan dalam pelestarian alam.

ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN PRODUK CACAT PADA KAYU LAPIS MENGGUNAKAN SQC (STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL) PADA PABRIK PT. WIJAYA TRI UTAMA PLYWOOD INDUSTRY

Penelitian ini didasarkan pada banyaknya produk cacat yang diproduksi oleh perusahaan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kualitas produk kayu lapis serta mengidentifikasi pengendalian produk cacat pada PT. Wijaya Tri Utama Plywood Industry. Penelitian didesain sebagai penelitian Studi kasus yang bertempat di PT. Wijaya Tri Utama Plywood Industry di Banjarmasin pengambilan data dilakukan dengan dngan teknik observasi, wawancara, studi dokumentasi, dan studi pustaka. Teknik analisis mengacu pada ukuran metode analisis pada Statistical Quality Control, metode analisis mengunakan diagram pareto, analisis menggunakan P-Chart, dan diagram sebab akibat. Hasil Penelitian menunjukan bahwa pada pabrik PT. Wijaya Tri Utama Plywood Industry masih terdapat banyak produk cacat dengan jenis persentase berturut-turut Jenis cacat Over Laps 14,62%, jenis cacat Face pecah 11,62%, jenis cacat Face Kasar 10,46%, jenis cacat Delaminasi 9,9%, jenis cacat size kurang 9,60%. Adanya nilai proporsional yang melampaui nilai UCL dan LCL yang menunjukan kualitas produksi dari PT. WTUPI masih kurang. Fishbone menunjukan penyebab adanya cacat produk terbesar adalah berada pada faktor manusia. Belum ada kendali untuk memperbaiki proses produksi kayu lapis dari PT. WTUPI. Produksi kayu lapis perlu perbaikan pengendalian kualitas dan mengevaluasi untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih baik lagi . Kata Kunci : Pengendalian Produk Cacat, Statistical Quality Control,

A study on the design of bamboo grinding machine

Bamboo is a sustainable and environmentally friendly material that has the potential to improve the global decline of natural resources. Bamboo is one of the popular flora in Southeast Asia; it is also traditional plants that grow abundantly in Vietnamese villages from north to south. Its ability can replace some kinds of wood in decoration and household goods. Bamboo grows up rapidly and can be harvested within 3 to 5 years of planting, in the meanwhile, the harvesting time of other hardwood trees must be from 8 to 10 years or longer. The inherent characteristics of bamboo are lighter than other wood materials and have a value in social and environmental benefits. Its advances in manufacturing technology have created high-value products such as bamboo flooring and bamboo furniture that can substitute for wood flooring and wood furniture. According to the biology studies, the bamboo has the characteristics that can replace the natural wood, but the direction of development from the stage of cultivation to the stage of finished products has not been exploited thoroughly. The production of bamboo plywood will become a great potential for the bamboo plywood industry in Vietnam. Generally, the fabrication of bamboo plywood depends on the following processes such as cutting, grinding to powder or pulp, drying, and pressing processes. In cutting and grinding processes, the trivial remains of bamboo after use, shoots… can be chopped and ground to a powder that is dried and pressed into bamboo plywood by a specialized machine similar to the production of artificial wood particleboard (PB). The aim of this paper is a representation of a design, computing the structure of a version of a bamboo grinding machine that is sustainable, responds to technical requirements, and protection of the environment. The result of the design was applied for manufacture a typical bamboo machine in the CAD-CAM workshop of DCSELAB in the framework of a project between DCSELAB and PhuAn Village Corporation that has evaluated with satisfaction the real proof of the design. The machine has been in the session of initial testing and exploitation.