First Report of Oidium longipes as the Causal Agent of Petunia Powdery Mildew in the United Kingdom

In autumn 2009, during a survey of powdery mildews of solanaceous plants in the United Kingdom, petunia (Petunia × hybrida) plants showing typical symptoms of powdery mildew infections were repeatedly collected in East Malling, Rochester, and Sandringham, UK. Leaves, stems, and petals of the collected plants, grown as outdoor ornamentals, were covered by dense, sporulating, white mycelium. Conidia were ellipsoid-cylindrical, measured 20 to 30 × 10 to 15 μm, and were produced in chains. Germ tubes arose from the ends of conidia and terminated in simple, unlobed apices. Some of the conidiophores were extremely long, up to 250 μm, because the second or third cell, or sometimes the foot cell, was up to 105 to 170 μm long. Other conidiophores were shorter, with no exceptionally long cells, but all of them exhibited a few characteristics in common: their width increased from base to top, sometimes enlarging considerably at a particular point of the foot cell, and basal septa were usually located 7 to 30 μm from the point of branching. Hyphal appressoria were nipple shaped. The teleomorph stage was not found. On the basis of these characteristics, the fungus was identified as Oidium longipes, a recently described (4) and little known pathogen of petunia and other solanaceous plants (1,3). To support the identification of this fungus, DNA was extracted from conidia collected with sterile brushes from single leaves collected in Sandringham, East Malling, and Rochester with a Qiagen DNeasy Plant Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA was amplified and determined as described in Jankovics et al. (2). The three identical ITS sequences, deposited in GenBank under Accession Nos. HM156495, HM156496, and HM156497, were identical to several ITS sequences of O. longipes, such as AF250777, EU327324, and EU327325. This has also supported that the disease was caused by this species. Herbarium specimens were deposited under the Accession Nos. HAL 2373F, HAL 2374F, and HAL 2375F at the Herbarium of Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany. To our knowledge, this is the first report of O. longipes in the UK. References: (1) A. Bolay. Cryptogam. Helv. 20:1, 2005. (2) T. Jankovics et al. Phytopathology 98:529, 2008. (3) L. Kiss et al. Plant Disease 92:818, 2008. (4) M. E. Noordeloos and W. M. Loerakker. Persoonia 14:51, 1989.

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First Report of Powdery Mildew on Azalea Cv. Mollis (Rhododendron japonicum × R. molle) in Italy

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2002.86.3.329c ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 86 (3) ◽

pp. 329-329

Author(s):

A. Garibaldi ◽

G. Gilardi ◽

D. Bertetti ◽

M. L. Gullino

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Powdery Mildew ◽

Northern Italy ◽

First Report ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Powdery Mildews ◽

Initial Symptoms ◽

Leaf Surfaces ◽

Microscopy Examination ◽

Selection Of

Rhododendron cultivation has a long history in northern Italy, where a wide selection of varieties and hybrids are grown. In summer 2001, a previously unknown powdery mildew was observed on azalea cv. Mollis (Rhododendron japonicum × R. molle) grown in several gardens in the province of Biella. Initial symptoms included chlorotic spots, followed by white fungal mycelia on both leaf surfaces. Eventually, infected leaves turned reddish and dropped prematurely. Fruit were also infected. On infected tissues, dark brown-to-black spherical cleistothecia developed, alone or in groups. The teleomorph was identified by light microscopy examination of cleistothecia. Cleistothecia measured 110 to 140 µm and were dark brown. They contained four to eight stalked or sessile asci that measured 35 to 45 µm × 40 to 55 µm, each containing six to eight ascospores. Ascospores were ellipsoid to ovoid and measured 12 to 18 µm × 20 to 25 µm. Cleistothecial characteristics were consistent with those described for Microsphaera azaleae but were different from those of the recently described species M. digitata reported in Belgium (1). The presence of conidia was rare in the specimens, so the anamorph could not be identified. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. azaleae in Italy, but three outbreaks of powdery mildew on rhododendron were first reported in the United Kingdom on plants grown in glasshouses in the mid-1950s, 1969 and 1973 (1). Outdoors, powdery mildew was first reported on rhododendron in Europe in 1981. M. azaleae has been identified as the causal agent of rhododendron powdery mildew in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Switzerland (1). In most cases the disease is readily controlled by regular application of fungicides commonly used against powdery mildews of other crops. Reference: (1) A. J. Inman et al. J. Phytopathol. 148:17, 2000.

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First Report of Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) on Pincushion Flower (Scabiosa columbaria) in New York

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-93-3-0316b ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 93 (3) ◽

pp. 316-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. Jankovics ◽

L. Kiss ◽

R. E. Niks ◽

M. L. Daughtrey

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Powdery Mildew ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

The United States ◽

Its Sequences ◽

Herbarium Specimens ◽

Chelidonium Majus ◽

Oidium Neolycopersici ◽

First Report

Scabiosa columbaria (Dipsacaceae) is a popular perennial ornamental in the United States. It is native to Europe and was introduced to North America by nursery trade only recently. In the spring of 2006, symptoms of powdery mildew infection were observed on overwintered plants of S. columbaria cv. Butterfly Blue in a nursery in Cutchogue, NY. White powdery mildew mycelia with abundant sporulation were observed on upper and lower leaf surfaces. The portions of leaves with powdery mildew colonies often showed purplish discoloration. Conidia were cylindric to doliiform, measured 20 to 33 × 10 to 15 μm, and were produced singly on 60 to 130 μm long conidiophores consisting of a foot-cell measuring 20 to 50 × 6 to 10 μm, followed by one to three, 12 to 40 μm long cells. Hyphal appressoria were lobed or multilobed. The teleomorph stage was not found. On the basis of these characteristics, the pathogen was identified as an Oidium sp. belonging to the subgenus Pseudoidium. Recently, an anamorphic powdery mildew fungus with similar morphological characteristics, identified as Erysiphe knautiae, was reported on S. columbaria cv. Butterfly Blue in Washington (2). E. knautiae is a common powdery mildew species of dipsacaceous plants such as Scabiosa spp. and Knautia spp. in Europe and Asia (1). To determine whether the fungus reported here was E. knautiae, DNA was extracted from its mycelium, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA was amplified and sequenced as described earlier (4). No ITS sequences are available in public DNA databases for E. knautiae, thus, we determined this sequence in a specimen of E. knautiae collected from Knautia arvensis in The Netherlands. Herbarium specimens of the Oidium sp. infecting S. columbaria in New York and E. knautiae from the Netherlands were deposited at the U.S. National Fungus Collections under accession numbers BPI 878259 and BPI 878258, respectively. The ITS sequence from Oidium sp. infecting S. columbaria in New York (GenBank Accession No. EU377474) differed in two nucleotides from that of E. knautiae infecting K. arvensis in the Netherlands (GenBank Accession No. EU377475). These two ITS sequences were also more than 99% similar to those of some newly emerged anamorphic powdery mildew fungi: Oidium neolycopersici and other Oidium spp. infecting Chelidonium majus, Passiflora caerulea, and some crassulaceous plants (3,4). Thus, it is unclear whether the fungus reported here was E. knautiae known from Eurasia or an Oidium sp. that has acquired pathogenicity to S. columbaria. To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew on S. columbaria in New York. References: (1) U. Braun. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 89:1, 1987. (2) D. A. Glawe and G. G. Grove. Online publication. doi:10.1094/PHP-2005-1024-01-BR. Plant Health Progress, 2005. (3) B. Henricot. Plant Pathol. 57:779, 2008. (4) T. Jankovics et al. Phytopathology 98:529, 2008.

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First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera euphorbiae-hirtae on Euphorbia tithymaloides in California

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-05-12-0461-pdn ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (12) ◽

pp. 1822-1822

Author(s):

S. Rooney-Latham ◽

J. F. Bischoff

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Its Region ◽

Virgin Islands ◽

California Department ◽

First Report ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Trace Back ◽

Ventura County ◽

The Uk

Euphorbia tithymaloides (Euphorbiaceae; known as ‘Jacob's ladder,’ ‘Devil's Backbone’) is a perennial, succulent spurge, grown primarily as a border plant in ornamental landscapes. In June 2011 and February 2012, the California Department of Food and Agriculture Plant Pest Diagnostics Lab, Sacramento, CA, received an unusual powdery mildew sample on greenhouse-grown E. tithymaloides from a Ventura County, CA nursery. Disease incidence at the nursery was 100%. White mycelial patches were present on the stems and on both sides of the leaves. Over time, heavily infected branches defoliated and brownish, roughened, scabby lesions developed on the stems. Hyphae were thin-walled, up to 8 μm wide and developed nipple-shaped appressoria. Ellipsoid-ovoid conidia measured 21.0 to 32.5 × 13 to 18 μm (avg. 26.4 × 13.9 μm, n = 20) and formed in chains. The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with primers PFITS-F and PF5.8-R (4). The 387-bp sequence (GenBank JX006103) was 99% similar (346/347 bp) to Podosphaera euphorbia-hirtae (AB040306) from Acalypha australis (Euphorbiaceae) (3). Based on ITS similarity and culture morphology, the fungus was identified as P. euphorbiae-hirtae U. Braun & Somani (1,3). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing diseased leaves from the nursery onto the youngest leaves of three plants each of E. tithymaloides cultivars ‘Nano’ and ‘Variegated.’ Leaves of an equal number of control plants were pressed with healthy leaves. Plants were incubated in a dew chamber for 48 h after which they were transferred to a 22°C growth chamber with a 12-h photoperiod. The experiment was repeated once. White powdery mildew colonies formed after 7 days on ‘Variegated’ and 13 days on ‘Nano’. Conidia measured 27.5 to 35.0 × 11 to 15 μm (avg. 30.5 × 12.6 μm, n = 30) which was within the range of P. euphorbia-hirtae. No symptoms developed on the control plants. P. euphorbiae-hirtae has been reported in Asia and the UK on E. tithymaloides and in Asia on A. australis (2). An asexual Oidium stage on Euphorbiaceae in Asia, Africa, Australia, Florida, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the U.S. Virgin Islands may correspond to P. euphorbiae-hirtae (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. euphorbiae-hirtae in California. Following the 2011 and 2012 detections, all E. tithymaloides plants in the Ventura County, CA nursery were destroyed. A regulatory trace back survey found that the plants were shipped from a Florida supplier, which was also shown to have an outbreak of P. euphorbiae-hirtae. The original source of the Florida E. tithymaloides plants was a 2010 shipment from Costa Rica. The host range of P. euphorbiae-hirtae is restricted to three landscape species in the Euphorbiaceae. References: (1) U. Braun. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 89:143, 1987. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/index.cfm May 1, 2012. (3) T. Hirata. et al. Can. J. Bot. 78:1521, 2000. (4) R. Singh et al. Plant Dis. 93:1348, 2009.

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First Report of Powdery Mildew Incited by Erysiphe heraclei on English Ivy (Hedera helix) in Italy

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-92-2-0313a ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 92 (2) ◽

pp. 313-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Garibaldi ◽

D. Bertetti ◽

J. Rossi ◽

M. L. Gullino

Keyword(s):

Nucleotide Sequence ◽

Powdery Mildew ◽

Its Region ◽

The United States ◽

Tube Length ◽

Herbarium Specimens ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Hedera Helix ◽

First Report ◽

Germ Tubes

Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae) is a common ornamental species that is able to grow in shaded areas and is often used in parks and gardens. During the fall of 2006, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed in several gardens in Liguria (northern Italy). Both surfaces of young leaves of affected plants were covered with dense, white mycelia and conidia. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and dropped. Mycelia and conidia were also observed on young stems. Conidia were hyaline, cylindrical, borne singly, and measured 38 to 51 × 12 to 18 (average 42 × 16) μm. Single germ tubes, moderately long (average 26 μm), developed at the end of conidia. Appressoria of germ tubes and hyphae were lobed (three to four lobes). Conidiophores, 68 to 82 × 7 to 8 (average75 × 8) μm, showed foot cells measuring 39 to 60 × 7 to 8 (average 52 × 8) μm, followed by one shorter cell measuring 19 to 28 × 8 to 9 (average 23 × 9) μm. Fibrosin bodies were absent. Chasmothecia were numerous, spherical, amber-colored then brown at maturity, with diameters ranging from 97 to 140 (average 120) μm, containing four asci shortly stalked, 57 to 72 × 32 to 51 (average 65 × 41 μm). Ascospores were ellipsoid and measured 24 to 34 × 15 to 20 (average 30 × 17) μm. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. BLASTn analysis (1) of the 613-bp fragment showed an E-value of 0.0 with Erysiphe heraclei. The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. EU 010381. In GenBank, our nucleotide sequence shows an E-value of 0.0 also with E. betae. However, the comparison of appressorium shape and germ tube length observed on our microorganism with those described for E. betae by Braun (2) suggests that the causal agent of the powdery mildew reported on ivy is E. heraclei. Furthermore, symptoms described on our host, appressorium shape and the length of conidiophores, are different from those of Oidium araliacearum described by Braun (2) on Araliaceae. Inoculations were made by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of five healthy H. helix plants. Three noninoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated and noninoculated plants were maintained in a greenhouse at temperatures between 21 and 25°C. After 15 days, typical powdery mildew colonies developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of powdery mildew on H. helix caused by E. heraclei in Italy. A powdery mildew caused by E. cichoracearum was previously reported on H. canariensis var. azorica in Italy (3), while a powdery mildew on H. helix caused by O. araliacearum and Golovinomyces orontii, respectively, were observed in the United States (4) and Germany. Herbarium specimens of this disease are available at AGROINNOVA Collection, University of Torino, Italy. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) U. Braun. A Monograph of the Erysiphaceae (Powdery Mildews). Cramer, Berlin, Germany, 1987. (3) C. Nali. Plant Dis. 83:198, 1999. (4) G. S. Saenz and S. T. Koike. Plant Dis. 82:127, 1998.

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First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe alphitoides on Japanese Snailseed (Cocculus trilobus) in Korea

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-01-13-0031-pdn ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (5) ◽

pp. 685-685 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

W. Cheon ◽

S. G. Lee ◽

Y. H. Jeon

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Its Region ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Its Sequences ◽

Korean Society ◽

First Report ◽

Erysiphe Alphitoides ◽

Oak Tree ◽

Mother Cells

Japanese snailseed (Cocculus trilobus DC.) has been known as a medicinal herb to treat dieresis, rheumatoid arthritis, and dropsy. In September 2011, severe powdery signs were found on several Japanese snailseed plants near Andong, Korea. Diseased leaves showed chlorotic or necrotic lesions, along with leaf distortion and senescence. Diseased leaves were associated with a fungus that resulted in what appeared to be white colonies, predominately associated with the upper leaf surfaces, and rarely on the lower surfaces. The colonies increased in size and coalesced, subsequently covering the entire surface. The fungus-produced chasmothecia were 92 to 123 μm in diameter, blackish brown, and had a depressed, globose shape. Each chasmothecium had approximately 8 to 12 appendages that were straight to mildly bent, and were four to six times dichotomously branched and often entwined. There were three to six asci per chasmothecium, 38 to 57 × 32 to 43 μm in size, each of which held six to eight ascospores. Conidiophores were single or sometimes two on a hyphal cell, arising from the upper part of mother cells, mostly positioned central, 6.5 to 8 μm with width. Conidiophores were erect and up to 150.5 μm long. Conidia were ellipsoidal or sometimes lemon-shaped. The conidial size was 31.5 to 40 × 19 to 24.5 μm with length/width. These morphological characteristics were identified as being similar to Erysiphe alphitoides (1). DNA was extracted from collected hyphae of infected leaves using the NucleoSpin Tissue Kit (Macherey-Nagel, Duren, Germany). The ITS region of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS5 and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. KF734882). The isolate (APEC-F1203) was 99% homologous to other E. alphitoides isolates from oak trees in Japan (AB292704, AB292699, AB292697, and AB292701) and Europe (EF672350, AJ417497). In Korea, this fungus is an oak tree pathogen (2). As proof of pathogenicity, infected leaves having abundant sporulation were pressed onto leaves of five healthy plants. Inoculated and non-inoculated plants were incubated in a moist chamber for 48 h and then maintained in a greenhouse at 15 to 22°C. After 10 to 12 days, powdery mildew colonies developed on inoculated plants. Uninoculated control plants did not show powdery mildew. Microscopic observation of the pathogen growing on the inoculated plants revealed that it was the same as the original fungus. We also observed powdery mildews on oak tree leaves around Japanese snailseed and analyzed their ITS sequences with the above-mentioned methods. As a result, the ITS sequences of powdery mildew pathogens obtained from Japanese snailseed and oak tree were identical. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of E. alphitoides on Japanese snailseed in Korea. This fungus has been reported in association with numerous oak (Quercus spp.) species in Korea, showing that it may be a potential source of inoculum in Japanese snailseed. References: (1) S. Takamatsu et al. British Mycol. Res. 111:809. 2007. (2) S. H. Yu. List of Plant Diseases in Korea, 5th ed. The Korean Society of Plant Pathology, 2009.

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First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe pulchra on Cornus florida in Italy

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-93-3-0320c ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 93 (3) ◽

pp. 320-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Garibaldi ◽

D. Bertetti ◽

M. L. Gullino

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Its Region ◽

The United States ◽

Deciduous Tree ◽

Herbarium Specimens ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Cornus Florida ◽

First Report ◽

Flowering Dogwood ◽

Young Leaves

Cornus florida L. (Cornaceae), flowering dogwood, is a small deciduous tree whose showy inflorescences, clusters of bright red fruits and red and purple leaves in autumn, make it a much appreciated ornamental. During the summer of 2008, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed in several gardens and nurseries in Piedmont (northern Italy). Young leaves were covered with dense, white mycelia and conidia, especially on the adaxial surface. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned red. Conidia were hyaline, elliptical, borne singly, and measured 32 to 46 × 15 to 20 (average 38 × 17) μm. Conidiophores measured 68 to 77 × 8 to 9 (average 73 × 8) μm, with a cylindrical foot cell measuring 26 to 37 × 8 to 10 (average 31 × 9) μm, followed by two shorter cells. Fibrosin bodies were absent. No chasmothecia were observed. The ITS region (internal transcribed spacer) of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. The 627-bp sequence (Accession No. EU FJ436989 in GenBank) has 99% identity with Erysiphe pulchra. As proof of pathogenicity, diseased leaves were pressed against leaves of three healthy 3-year-old plants. Three noninoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated and noninoculated plants were maintained outdoors at 13 to 21°C. After 15 days, typical powdery mildew colonies developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of powdery mildew on C. florida caused by E. pulchra in Italy. Powdery mildew of dogwood, caused by Microsphaera (Erysiphe) pulchra, has been reported in the United States (3) and Japan (1). In Italy, a powdery mildew caused by an Oidium sp. has been reported on C. sanguinea (2). Herbarium specimens of this disease are available at AGROINNOVA Collection, University of Torino, Italy. References: (1) T. Kobayashi. Index of Fungi Inhabiting Woody Plants in Japan. Host, Distribution, and Literature. Zenkoku-Noson-Kyoikai Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 2007. (2) G. Sicoli et al. Inf. Agrario 56/48:84, 2000. (3) V. L. Smith. Plant Dis. 83:782, 1999.

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TBE in United Kingdom

Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book ◽

10.33442/26613980_12b35-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Clinical Disease ◽

England And Wales ◽

Probable Case ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

South West ◽

Louping Ill ◽

The Uk ◽

North And South ◽

South West England

Until 2019, TBE was considered only to be an imported disease to the United Kingdom. In that year, evidence became available that the TBEV is likely circulating in the country1,2 and a first “probable case” of TBE originating in the UK was reported.3 In addition to TBEV, louping ill virus (LIV), a member of the TBEV-serocomplex, is also endemic in parts of the UK. Reports of clinical disease caused by LIV in livestock are mainly from Scotland, parts of North and South West England and Wales.4

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Risk Transferin Public Private Partnership/Private Finance Initiative Procurement Documents:The Differencebetween The United Kingdom and Malaysia

Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research ◽

10.24191/jeeir.v4i4.9101 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Nooriha Abdullah ◽

Darinka Asenova ◽

Stephen J. Bailey

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Public Procurement ◽

Research Question ◽

Public Private Partnership ◽

Private Finance Initiative ◽

Private Partnership ◽

Risk Transfer ◽

Private Finance ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

The Uk

The aim of this paper is to analyse the risk transfer issue in Public Private Partnership/Private Finance Initiative (PPP/PFI) procurement documents in the United Kingdom (UK) and Malaysia. It utilises qualitative research methods using documentation and interviews for data collection. The UK documents (guidelines and contracts) identify the risks related to this form of public procurement of services and makeexplicittheappropriateallocation of those risks between the public and the private sector PPP/PFI partners and so the types of risks each party should bear. However, in Malaysia, such allocation of risks was not mentioned in PPP/PFI guidelines. Hence, a question arises regarding whether risk transfer exists in Malaysian PPP/PFI projects, whether in contracts or by other means. This research question is the rationale for the comparative analysis ofdocumentsand practicesrelatingtorisk transfer in the PPP/PFI procurements in both countries. The results clarify risk-related issues that arise in implementing PPP/PFI procurement in Malaysia, in particular how risk is conceptualised, recognised and allocated (whether explicitly or implicitly), whether or not that allocation is intended to achieve optimum risk transfer, and so the implications forachievement ofvalue for moneyor other such objectivesinPPP/PFI.

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HIV and other STIs in the United Kingdom: further increases

Weekly releases (1997–2007) ◽

10.2807/esw.07.48.02333-en ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 7 (48) ◽

Author(s):

◽

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Communicable Disease ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Health Protection Agency ◽

Protection Agency ◽

England And Wales ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

The Uk ◽

Living With Hiv

The Health Protection Agency Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre for England and Wales and others have reported that the number of people living with HIV in the UK has increased

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Research Applications

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1989.0273 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 21 (6-7) ◽

pp. 709-715

Author(s):

M. J. Rouse

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Water Utilities ◽

Practical Application ◽

Research Results ◽

Contract Research ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

New Knowledge ◽

The Uk

This paper covers the approach taken by WRc to the practical application of research results. WRc works on an annual programme of research paid for collectively by the UK water utilities totalling ₤15m. In addition contract research is carried out for government largely on environmental matters and for utilities and others on a confidential basis. The approach to the implementation described here deals with the application of results across the whole of the United Kingdom where there are a large number of users of the results but with varying degrees of interest in any particular topic. The requirement is to inform all of the outcome of the work and then to provide the facility of rapid implementation for those who have an immediate requirement to apply the new knowledge and technology.

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