scholarly journals Postharvest Fruit Rots of Apple in Greece: Pathogen Incidence and Relationships Between Fruit Quality Parameters, Cultivar Susceptibility, and Patulin Production

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 666-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Konstantinou ◽  
G. S. Karaoglanidis ◽  
G. A. Bardas ◽  
I. S. Minas ◽  
E. Doukas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Phenol Concentration ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars

The incidence of pathogens associated with postharvest fruit rots on the four most extensively cultivated apple cultivars (Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, and Fuji) in Greece was surveyed during two consecutive storage periods (2008–09 and 2009–10) in five packinghouses located in northern Greece. The fungi isolated were identified based on their morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer gene sequencing. In the four cultivars sampled, Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea were the predominant pathogens, accounting for averages of 44.2 and 23.6%, respectively, of the pathogens isolated from the sampled fruit. Two other important rot pathogens were Alternaria tenuissima and Mucor pyriformis, accounting for 16.1 and 6.6%, respectively, of the diseased apple fruit. Other pathogens such as Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Botryosphaeria obtusa, Geotrichum candidum, Fusarium avenaceum, and F. proliferatum were isolated at low frequencies and are considered of minor importance. Measurements of the resistance level of the four apple cultivars to fruit rot caused by P. expansum and Botrytis cinerea revealed that Golden Delicious was the most susceptible to blue mold while Fuji was the most susceptible to gray mold infections. Susceptibility to gray mold was negatively correlated with flavonoid and phenol concentration as well to fruit antioxidant activity, while susceptibility to blue mold was negatively correlated with fruit firmness and phenol concentration. Patulin production was significantly higher in Red Delicious and Golden Delicious fruit than in Granny Smith and Fuji fruit and was negatively correlated with the acidity of the fruit. The high incidence of P. expansum and A. tenuissima along with the presence of F. avenaceum and F. proliferatum, all of which are potentially mycotoxin producers, emphasize the risk for mycotoxin contamination of apple fruit juices and by-products. Furthermore, information on the distribution of the pathogens on the main cultivars may be useful for the implementation of strategies to control the diseases and minimize the threat of mycotoxin contamination on each cultivar.

scholarly journals Disease Incidence—Inoculum Dose Relationships for Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum and Decay of Pear Fruit Using Dry, Airborne Conidia

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 755-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Spotts ◽  
Louis A. Cervantes
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Inoculum Dose ◽  
Airborne Concentration ◽  
Fruit Decay

The objective of this research was to determine quantitative relationships between incidence of pear fruit decay and inoculum dose of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum using dry conidia applied to wet or dry pears in a settling tower. On wet fruit, incidence of gray mold fruit rot increased from 0.1 to 83.1% as the airborne concentration of B. cinerea conidia increased from 0 to 8.6 spores per liter of air. Significantly less decay occurred in fruit inoculated dry compared to wet, particularly in fruit wounded after inoculation. Incidence of blue mold increased from 1 to 100% as the airborne concentration of P. expansum conidia increased from 0.1 to 803.5 spores per liter of air. Blue mold incidence was not affected by fruit wetness or time of wounding relative to inoculation. All regressions of decay incidence versus airborne and surface conidial concentrations were highly significant (P = 0.01).

scholarly journals Pyrrolnitrin Delays Postharvest Fruit Rot in Strawberries

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Takeda ◽  
W.J. Janisiewicz ◽  
J. Roitman ◽  
N. Mahoney ◽  
F.B. Abeles
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Postharvest Treatment ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Storage Temperatures ◽  
Rhizopus Rot

Postharvest treatment with pyrrolnitrin (250 mg·liter-1) and low storage temperatures delay postharvest rot development in fall-harvested `Tribute' strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Untreated fruit stored at 18C developed gray mold fruit rot (Botrytis cinerea) and rhizopus rot (leak) by the second day. Fruit that did not develop gray mold or leak eventually developed blue mold rot (Penicillium spp.). No rot was observed at 1C, but gray mold and rhizopus rots developed after berries were transferred to 18C. Pyrrolnitrin delayed the appearance of the various rots by 2 to 4 days, but did not reduce the rate of rot development. Chemical name used: 3-chloro-4-(2'-nitro-3'-chlorophenyl)pyrrole (pyrrolnitrin).

scholarly journals Preharvest Application of a Boscalid and Pyraclostrobin Mixture to Control Postharvest Gray Mold and Blue Mold in Apples

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Xiao ◽  
R. J. Boal
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Alternative Strategy ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Effective Alternative ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold

After harvest, apples (Malus × domestica) may be kept in cold storage for up to 12 months prior to packing. Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea and blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum are common postharvest fruit rot diseases affecting apples and are controlled commonly by applications of fungicides after harvest. To search for an alternative strategy, Pristine (a premixed formulation of boscalid and pyraclostrobin) as a preharvest treatment was evaluated for control of postharvest gray mold and blue mold in cultivars Fuji and Red Delicious apples during 2004 to 2006. Pristine (0.36 g per liter of water) was applied 1, 7, or 14 days before harvest. For comparison, thiram (2.04 g per liter of water) was applied 7 days before harvest and ziram (2.4 g per liter of water) was applied 14 days before harvest, to Fuji and Red Delicious, respectively. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity, wounded with a finishing nail head, inoculated with conidial suspensions of either B. cinerea or P. expansum, stored in air at 0°C, and evaluated for decay after 8 or 12 weeks. In 2004 and 2005, Pristine was equally effective when applied to Fuji 1 or 7 days before harvest, reducing gray mold incidence by 93 to 99% and blue mold incidence by 78 to 94% compared with the nontreated control. Thiram reduced gray mold incidence by 38 to 85%. Thiram reduced blue mold incidence by 22% in 2004 but not in 2005. On Red Delicious, Pristine was equally effective when applied 7 or 14 days before harvest and reduced gray mold incidence by 69 to 85% and blue mold incidence by 41 to 70%. Ziram applied 2 weeks before harvest reduced gray mold incidence by 97 and 94% in 2005 and 2006, respectively, but it did not reduce blue mold incidence. The results indicate that Pristine applied within 2 weeks before harvest may be an effective alternative to postharvest fungicides for control of postharvest gray mold and blue mold in Fuji and Red Delicious apples.

scholarly journals Characterization of Postharvest Fungicide-Resistant Botrytis cinerea Isolates From Commercially Stored Apple Fruit

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne M. Jurick ◽  
Otilia Macarisin ◽  
Verneta L. Gaskins ◽  
Eunhee Park ◽  
Jiujiang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Sublethal Dose ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Pose Control ◽  
First Time

Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold and is an economically important postharvest pathogen of fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals. Fludioxonil-sensitive B. cinerea isolates were collected in 2011 and 2013 from commercial storage in Pennsylvania. Eight isolates had values for effective concentrations for inhibiting 50% of mycelial growth of 0.0004 to 0.0038 μg/ml for fludioxonil and were dual resistant to pyrimethanil and thiabendazole. Resistance was generated in vitro, following exposure to a sublethal dose of fludioxonil, in seven of eight dual-resistant B. cinerea isolates. Three vigorously growing B. cinerea isolates with multiresistance to postharvest fungicides were further characterized and found to be osmosensitive and retained resistance in the absence of selection pressure. A representative multiresistant B. cinerea strain caused decay on apple fruit treated with postharvest fungicides, which confirmed the in vitro results. The R632I mutation in the Mrr1 gene, associated with fludioxonil resistance in B. cinerea, was not detected in multipostharvest fungicide-resistant B. cinerea isolates, suggesting that the fungus may be using additional mechanisms to mediate resistance. Results from this study show for the first time that B. cinerea with dual resistance to pyrimethanil and thiabendazole can also rapidly develop resistance to fludioxonil, which may pose control challenges in the packinghouse environment and during long-term storage.

FUNGICIDAL CONTROL OF BOTRYTIS CINEREA ON FOUR STRAWBERRY VARIETIES

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272
Author(s):  
C. O. Gourley
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Rate

Captan, dichlofluanid at a high and a low rate, thiram, and a mixture of captan and thiram were tested in a field trial to control gray mold fruit rot caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. on the strawberry varieties Gorella, Midway, Redcoat and Sparkle. The mean marketable yield of the varieties was increased by dichlofluanid (low) and thiram but not by the other treatments over that of non-sprayed plots. Dichlofluanid (high) gave better control of pre-harvest fruit rot than captan. Dichlofluanid (high) significantly reduced mean fruit size. Redcoat yields were higher with the low rate than the high rate of dichlofluanid, but pre-harvest fruit rot control and fruit size did not differ with the two rates. Gorella yields and fruit size were smaller with captan + thiram than with captan or thiram. Thiram reduced fruit size on Midway. The varietal reaction to fungicides suggests that marketable yield is the most important variable in selecting a fungicide for the control of gray mold fruit rot of strawberries.

scholarly journals Relative Susceptibility of Selected Apple Cultivars to Fruit Rot Caused by Botryosphaeria obtusa

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Biggs ◽  
Stephen S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Relative Susceptibility ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Botryosphaeria Obtusa ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Lesion Growth

Twenty-three apple (Malus ×domestica) cultivars were tested in the field and laboratory for their relative susceptibility to the black rot pathogen, Botryosphaeria obtusa. Wounded fruit were inoculated in the field at 2 to 3 weeks preharvest with mycelium from 14- to 21-day-old cultures. In the laboratory, detached fruit were inoculated similarly. Fruit were rated for relative susceptibility to the fungus by determining disease severity of attached fruit in the field based on lesion growth (mm/degree-day) and detached fruit in laboratory inoculations of wounded fruit (mean lesion diameter after 4 days). Based on the laboratory and field data from two growing seasons, cultivars were classified into three relative susceptibility groups—most susceptible: `Orin', `Pristine', and Sunrise'; moderately susceptible: `Suncrisp', `Ginger Gold', `Senshu', `Honeycrisp', `PioneerMac', `Fortune', NY75414, `Arlet', `Golden Supreme', `Shizuka', `Cameo', `Sansa', and `Yataka'; and least susceptible: `Creston', `Golden Delicious', `Enterprise', `Gala Supreme', `Braeburn', `GoldRush', and `Fuji'. Compared to previous cultivar rankings, the results of the present study indicate that no new apple cultivars from the first NE-183 planting show greater resistance to Botryosphaeria obtusa than current standard cultivars.

scholarly journals The occurrence of postharvest diseases on apples resistant to scab

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Bryk ◽  
Dorota Kruczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Storage Diseases ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Bull's Eye

The occurrence of storage diseases on fruit of seven scab resistant apple cultivars (Freedom, Rajka, Topaz, Rubinola, Enterprise, Goldstar, GoldRush) grafted on M.9 was investigated in 2001-2005. The trees were planted in 1995. It was found that after storage (4 and 6 months at 2<sup>°</sup>C, 85-90% RH) the most severe appeared to be bull's eye rot (<i>Pezicula</i> spp.). The most sensitive cultivars to this disease were: Topaz, Freedom, Goldstar, the least sensitive were Rubinola, Enterprise, Rajka. Other postharvest diseases like gray mold (<i>Botrytis cinerea</i>), blue mold (<i>Penicillium expansum</i>) and brown rot (<i>Monilinia fructigena</i>) were not common. 'Rajka' and 'Goldstar' were susceptible to bitter pit, and 'Freedom' to superficial scald.

scholarly journals Laboratory effect of Boni Protect containing Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnoud in the control of some fungal diseases of apple fruit

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wagner ◽  
Beata Hetman ◽  
Marek Kopacki ◽  
Agnieszka Jamiołkowska ◽  
Paweł Krawiec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aureobasidium Pullulans ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Control Product ◽  
Grey Mold ◽  
Apple Cultivars

The efficacy of <em>Aureobasidium pullulans </em>(in the biopreparation Boni Protect) against different pathogens of apples (<em>Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia fructigena, Penicillium expansum, </em>and <em>Pezicula malicorticis</em>) was evaluated under laboratory con- ditions. The biocontrol product was applied at concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.5%. Fruits of apple cultivars 'Jonagold Decosta' and 'Pinova' were used. Boni Protect was very effective against <em>B. cinerea </em>on cv. 'Jonagold Decosta', reducing disease incidence by 55–83.8%. On 'Pinova' apples, this biological control product was the most efficient at earlier stages of the experiment. It inhibited grey mold by 65% after 5 days from inoculation and only by 14% after 20 days. On cv. 'Jonagold Decosta', Boni Protect at a concentration of 0.1% was also effective against <em>M. fructigena</em>, reducing brown rot by 31.4–74.5%, but its efficiency on cv. 'Pinova' was not significant. Blue mold caused by <em>P. expansum </em>was inhibited only slightly by the biocontrol product, while <em>P. malicorticis </em>proved to be the most resistant to its antagonistic abilities.

scholarly journals First Report of a New Postharvest Fruit Rot on Apple Caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Xiao ◽  
J. D. Rogers ◽  
R. J. Boal
Keyword(s):  
Leading Edge ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
First Report ◽  
Golden Delicious

During March to July 2003, a postharvest fruit rot was observed on ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, and ‘Red Delicious’ apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) sampled from commercial packinghouses in Washington State. Losses as high as 24% in storage bins were observed in July on ‘Red Delicious’. The disease started at the stem bowl area or the calyx end of the fruit. Decayed fruit was apparently not wounded. Decayed areas were brown and firm. Internal decayed flesh appeared yellowish brown. On ‘Red Delicious’ apples, decayed fruit was apparently discolored from red to brown. As the disease advanced, pycnidia of a fungus might form on the stem, sepals, or the surface of decayed fruit. Pycnidia were 0.3 to 0.7 mm in diameter, black, and partially immersed in decayed tissues. To isolate the causal agent, decayed fruit was lightly sprayed with 70% ethanol and air dried. Fragments of diseased tissue were removed from the margin of diseased and healthy tissue and plated on acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA). A fungus was consistently isolated from decayed fruit with the symptoms described above. On PDA, the colonies of the fungus first appeared with dense hyaline mycelium and later turned light yellow to yellow. Black pycnidia of the fungus formed on 2- to 3-week-old oatmeal agar cultures at 20°C under 12-h alternating cycles of fluorescent light and dark. The fungus was identified as Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens Xiao & J. D. Rogers, based on the description of the fungus (1). Voucher specimens were deposited at the WSU Mycological Herbarium. Two isolates of the fungus recovered from decayed apples were tested for pathogenicity on apple. Fruit of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Gala’ were surface-disinfested for 5 min in 0.5% NaOCl, rinsed, and air dried. Fruit was wounded with a sterile 4-mm-diameter nail head. A 4-mm-diameter plug from the leading edge of a 3-day-old PDA culture or plain PDA (control) was placed in the wound of each of 10 replicate fruit for each isolate or control. Fruit was tray packed with polyethylene liners and stored in cardboard boxes in air at 3°C, and decay was evaluated 2 weeks after inoculation. Five decayed fruits from each treatment were selected for reisolation of the causal agent. The experiment was conducted twice. In a separate pathogenicity test, two isolates (one each from apple and pear) were included in the test. Fruit of ‘Red Delicious’ apple was prepared and inoculated as the same manner described above, but fruit was stored in air at 0°C. The experiment was conducted twice. All fruit that were inoculated with the fungus developed decay symptoms. No decay developed on fruit in the controls. The same fungus was reisolated from decayed fruit. This indicates that isolates from apple and pear were pathogenic to apple. S. pyriputrescens is the causal agent of a newly reported postharvest disease on ‘d'Anjou’ pears (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this fungus causing postharvest fruit rot on apple. We propose ‘Sphaeropsis rot’ as the name of this new disease on apple and pear. Preliminary evidence suggests that infection of fruit by this fungus occurred in the orchard prior to storage. Reference: (1) C. L. Xiao and J. D. Rogers. Plant Dis. 88:114, 2004.

scholarly journals Improved Control of Postharvest Decay of Pears by the Combination of Candida sake (CPA-1) and Ammonium Molybdate

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Nunes ◽  
Josep Usall ◽  
Neus Teixidó ◽  
Maribel Abadias ◽  
Immaculada Viñas
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Ammonium Molybdate ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Candida Sake

The potential enhancement of Candida sake (CPA-1) by ammonium molybdate to control blue and gray mold caused by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea, respectively, on Blanquilla pears was investigated. In laboratory trials, improved control of blue and gray molds was obtained with the application of ammonium molybdate (1, 5, 10, and 15 mM) alone or in combination with C. sake at 2 × 106 or 2 × 107 CFU ml-1 on Blanquilla pears stored at 20°C. In semicommercial trials at 1°C for 5 months, the efficacy of C. sake at 2 × 106 CFU ml-1 on reducing P. expansum and B. cinerea decay was enhanced more than 88% with the addition of ammonium molybdate 5 mM in the 1999-2000 season. In two seasons, the performance C. sake at 2 × 106 CFU ml-1 plus ammonium molybdate was similar to or greater than that of C. sake at 2 × 107 CFU ml-1. Similar control of blue mold was obtained on pears stored under low oxygen conditions. The preharvest application of ammonium molybdate did not reduce postharvest blue mold decay. The population of C. sake on pear wounds significantly decreased in the presence of ammonium molybdate 1 and 5 mM at 20 and 1°C.

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