scholarly journals Improved Control of Postharvest Decay of Pears by the Combination of Candida sake (CPA-1) and Ammonium Molybdate

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Nunes ◽  
Josep Usall ◽  
Neus Teixidó ◽  
Maribel Abadias ◽  
Immaculada Viñas
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Ammonium Molybdate ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Candida Sake

The potential enhancement of Candida sake (CPA-1) by ammonium molybdate to control blue and gray mold caused by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea, respectively, on Blanquilla pears was investigated. In laboratory trials, improved control of blue and gray molds was obtained with the application of ammonium molybdate (1, 5, 10, and 15 mM) alone or in combination with C. sake at 2 × 106 or 2 × 107 CFU ml-1 on Blanquilla pears stored at 20°C. In semicommercial trials at 1°C for 5 months, the efficacy of C. sake at 2 × 106 CFU ml-1 on reducing P. expansum and B. cinerea decay was enhanced more than 88% with the addition of ammonium molybdate 5 mM in the 1999-2000 season. In two seasons, the performance C. sake at 2 × 106 CFU ml-1 plus ammonium molybdate was similar to or greater than that of C. sake at 2 × 107 CFU ml-1. Similar control of blue mold was obtained on pears stored under low oxygen conditions. The preharvest application of ammonium molybdate did not reduce postharvest blue mold decay. The population of C. sake on pear wounds significantly decreased in the presence of ammonium molybdate 1 and 5 mM at 20 and 1°C.

Control of Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea on Apples and Pears with the Combination of Candida sake and Pantoea agglomerans

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLA NUNES ◽  
JOSEP USALL ◽  
NEUS TEIXIDÓ ◽  
ROSARIO TORRES ◽  
IMMACULADA VIÑAS
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Pantoea Agglomerans ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Candida Sake ◽  
Stable Community

The effectiveness of Candida sake (CPA-1) in combination with Pantoea agglomerans (CPA-2) for controlling Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea on pears and apples was determined. The concentrations tested were 2 × 106 and 2 × 107 CFU/ml for C. sake and 2 × 107 and 8 × 107 CFU/ml for P. agglomerans. At room temperature, the two antagonists were combined in proportions of 0 to 100% in 25% increments. At the proportion of 50:50, no rot development was observed in pears, and the greatest control of blue mold in apples was observed at this proportion for all the tested concentrations. Under cold temperature on pears, the highest effectiveness of the mixture was observed when C. sake at 2 × 107 CFU/ml was combined with P. agglomerans at 2 × 107 or at 8 × 107 CFU/ml at the proportion 50:50. Under these conditions, no rot development of blue mold was reported, and gray mold lesion size was reduced by more than 95%. On apples, the mixture of C. sake at 2 × 107 CFU/ml and P. agglomerans at 8 × 107 CFU/ml at the proportion 50:50 reduced blue and gray mold incidence by 90%. Populations of the two antagonists had the same growth pattern at 20°C when they were applied individually or in combination, but the population level was always higher when they grew alone. In contrast, at 1°C, the population of both antagonists in combination formed a stable community with the same levels as individual application during the first 30 days; after that, C. sake dominated, and P. agglomerans decreased on apples and pears. At both temperatures, the maximum population level of C. sake was observed in apples, and the maximum population level of P. agglomerans was observed in pears.

scholarly journals Disease Incidence—Inoculum Dose Relationships for Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum and Decay of Pear Fruit Using Dry, Airborne Conidia

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 755-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Spotts ◽  
Louis A. Cervantes
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Inoculum Dose ◽  
Airborne Concentration ◽  
Fruit Decay

The objective of this research was to determine quantitative relationships between incidence of pear fruit decay and inoculum dose of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum using dry conidia applied to wet or dry pears in a settling tower. On wet fruit, incidence of gray mold fruit rot increased from 0.1 to 83.1% as the airborne concentration of B. cinerea conidia increased from 0 to 8.6 spores per liter of air. Significantly less decay occurred in fruit inoculated dry compared to wet, particularly in fruit wounded after inoculation. Incidence of blue mold increased from 1 to 100% as the airborne concentration of P. expansum conidia increased from 0.1 to 803.5 spores per liter of air. Blue mold incidence was not affected by fruit wetness or time of wounding relative to inoculation. All regressions of decay incidence versus airborne and surface conidial concentrations were highly significant (P = 0.01).

scholarly journals Methodology for Determining Relationships Between Inoculum Concentration of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum and Stem End Decay of Pear Fruit

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Spotts ◽  
Kelly M. Wallis ◽  
Maryna Serdani ◽  
Daniel T. O'Gorman ◽  
Peter L. Sholberg
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Inoculum Concentration ◽  
Inoculum Dose ◽  
Fruit Surface

The objective of this research was to determine quantitative relationships between incidence of stem end decay of pear fruit and inoculum concentration of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum using dry conidia applied to pear fruit in a settling tower. Five concentrations of conidia were applied to pear fruit, fruit were stored at –1°C for 8 months, and stem end decay was evaluated. In addition, conidia were washed from the surface of inoculated fruit, and DNA was extracted and quantified with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The linear regression relationships between percent stem end gray mold and B. cinerea conidia per liter of air or per square centimeter of fruit surface were significant (P = 0.01). At the highest inoculum dose introduced into the settling tower, conidia per liter of air, conidia per square centimeter, and percent stem end gray mold at 8 months after inoculation were 12, 31, and 39, respectively for 2000 and 6, 33, and 67, respectively for 2001. Similarly, the linear regression relationships between percent stem end blue mold and P. expansum conidia per liter of air or per square centimeter of fruit surface were significant (P = 0.01 and 0.05, respectively). At the highest inoculum dose introduced into the settling tower, conidia per square centimeter and percent stem end blue mold at 8 months after inoculation were 39 and 26, respectively for 2000 and 66 and 23, respectively for 2003. Real-time PCR provided a rapid, quantitative measure of B. cinerea and P. expansum DNA on pear fruit surfaces. Because of possible year-to-year shifts in susceptibility of fruit to decay, disease incidence:inoculum dose relationships may be of most value compared within years rather than across years. This would facilitate comparison of decay risk among orchards in order to determine which fruit is most suitable for long-term storage.

scholarly journals Preharvest Application of a Boscalid and Pyraclostrobin Mixture to Control Postharvest Gray Mold and Blue Mold in Apples

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Xiao ◽  
R. J. Boal
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Alternative Strategy ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Effective Alternative ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold

After harvest, apples (Malus × domestica) may be kept in cold storage for up to 12 months prior to packing. Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea and blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum are common postharvest fruit rot diseases affecting apples and are controlled commonly by applications of fungicides after harvest. To search for an alternative strategy, Pristine (a premixed formulation of boscalid and pyraclostrobin) as a preharvest treatment was evaluated for control of postharvest gray mold and blue mold in cultivars Fuji and Red Delicious apples during 2004 to 2006. Pristine (0.36 g per liter of water) was applied 1, 7, or 14 days before harvest. For comparison, thiram (2.04 g per liter of water) was applied 7 days before harvest and ziram (2.4 g per liter of water) was applied 14 days before harvest, to Fuji and Red Delicious, respectively. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity, wounded with a finishing nail head, inoculated with conidial suspensions of either B. cinerea or P. expansum, stored in air at 0°C, and evaluated for decay after 8 or 12 weeks. In 2004 and 2005, Pristine was equally effective when applied to Fuji 1 or 7 days before harvest, reducing gray mold incidence by 93 to 99% and blue mold incidence by 78 to 94% compared with the nontreated control. Thiram reduced gray mold incidence by 38 to 85%. Thiram reduced blue mold incidence by 22% in 2004 but not in 2005. On Red Delicious, Pristine was equally effective when applied 7 or 14 days before harvest and reduced gray mold incidence by 69 to 85% and blue mold incidence by 41 to 70%. Ziram applied 2 weeks before harvest reduced gray mold incidence by 97 and 94% in 2005 and 2006, respectively, but it did not reduce blue mold incidence. The results indicate that Pristine applied within 2 weeks before harvest may be an effective alternative to postharvest fungicides for control of postharvest gray mold and blue mold in Fuji and Red Delicious apples.

Effect of ascorbic acid, oxygen and storage duration on patulin in cloudy apple juice produced on a semi-industrial scale

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
C. El Hajj Assaf ◽  
N. De Clercq ◽  
E. De Paepe ◽  
G. Vlaemynck ◽  
E. Van Coillie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Oxygen Conditions

Patulin (PAT), a mycotoxin mainly produced by Penicillium expansum, is of high concern with regard to human food safety. This study examined the stability of PAT in artificially contaminated cloudy apple juice (CAJ) produced on a semi-industrial scale using an innovative technology allowing degassing and pressing under low-oxygen conditions (VaculIQ 1000). The effects of adding ascorbic acid (AA), degassing during production and storing in the dark at 20 °C on the PAT concentration were studied, as well as possible degradation and reaction products formed. The highest PAT degradation (50%) was observed for flash-pasteurised juice with AA added, produced under low-oxygen conditions and degassed and stored for 14 days at 20 °C in the dark in aluminium laminate aseptic bags. Juices produced showed no significant differences in the quality parameters measured and did not show significant formation of reaction products. Further research needs to be focused on the fate of PAT in CAJ produced on an industrial level with and without addition of AA.

scholarly journals Effects of Sequential Calcium Chloride, Ziram, and Yeast Orchard Sprays on Postharvest Decay of Pear

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 1260-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sugar ◽  
J. M. Benbow ◽  
K. A. Powers ◽  
S. R. Basile
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Differential Effectiveness ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Sequential Treatments ◽  
Bull's Eye ◽  
Integrated Program

The most effective nutritional, fungicidal, and biological control treatments previously evaluated for control of postharvest decay in pear were evaluated for 3 years as factorial treatments to determine the best combinations for an integrated program. Calcium chloride sprays during the growing season reduced incidence of side rot in each year and of blue mold in 1 year, while ziram was effective against side rot in 1 year and blue mold in 2 years. Ziram, but not calcium chloride, provided control of gray mold and bull's-eye rot. Application of the yeast Cryptococcus infirmominiatus to pear fruit 1 week before harvest at a concentration of 1.0 to 1.5 × 108 CFU/ml resulted in establishment of large populations of yeast on fruit surfaces, but did not reduce postharvest fungal decay incidence in 3 years of testing. In 1 year, ziram sprays applied 2 weeks before harvest significantly reduced yeast populations on fruit subsequently treated with C. infirmo-miniatus. Sequential treatments with calcium chloride and ziram are indicated in an integrated program to take advantage of their differential effectiveness to broaden the range of control of pear postharvest decay pathogens.

scholarly journals Populations of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium spp. on Pear Fruit, and in Orchards and Packinghouses, and Their Relationship to Postharvest Decay

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl L. Lennox ◽  
Robert A. Spotts ◽  
Louis A. Cervantes
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Orchard Soil ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Penicillium Spp

The aims of this study were to examine the sources and population sizes of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium spp. in ‘d'Anjou’ pear orchards, packinghouses, and storage, and to determine the relationship between population sizes and postharvest decay. Densities of B. cinerea ranged from nondetectable to 4.0 CFU/cm2 on fruit, nondetectable to 3.1 CFU/liter in orchard air, and nondetectable to 1,167 CFU/g in orchard litter. The majority of packinghouse air and orchard soil samples collected yielded no B. cinerea inoculum. Densities of Penicillium spp. ranged from nondetectable to 2.7 CFU/cm2 on pear fruit, nondetectable to 3.13 CFU/liter in orchard air, nondetectable to 11.8 CFU/liter in packingline air, nondetectable to 3.9 CFU/liter in cold-storage air, 38 to 431 CFU/g in orchard soil, and 131 to 1,128 CFU/g in orchard litter. The mean incidence of gray mold in stored d'Anjou pear fruit ranged from 0.7 to 10.7%. Incidence of blue mold ranged from 0 to 16.5%. Significant positive correlations were observed between decay and fruit surface populations of B. cinerea and Penicillium spp. In conclusion, inoculum levels of these important postharvest pathogens in orchard and packinghouse air, and orchard soil and litter, cannot be used as indicators of postharvest decay; whereas the inoculum level on fruit surfaces may be a useful predictor of decay.

Effect of the Yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on Postharvest Decay and Patulin Accumulation in Apples and Pears

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUIYU ZHU ◽  
TING YU ◽  
SHUANGHUAN GUO ◽  
HAO HU ◽  
XIAODONG ZHENG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Marine Yeast ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Biological Treatments ◽  
Promising Source

The effect of a strain of marine yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on postharvest blue mold and patulin accumulation in apples and pears stored at 23°C was evaluated. The occurrence and severity of apple and pear decay caused by Penicillium expansum were significantly inhibited by R. paludigenum. However, the application of the yeast at a high concentration (108 cells per ml) enhanced patulin accumulation after 7 days of storage; the amount of patulin increased 24.2 times and 12.6 times compared to the controls in infected apples and pears, respectively. However, R. paludigenum reduced the patulin concentration in the growth medium by both biological degradation and physical adsorption. Optimal in vitro patulin reduction was observed at 30°C and at pH 6.0. R. paludigenum incubated at 28°C was tolerant to patulin at concentrations up to 100 mg/liter. In conclusion, R. paludigenum was able to control postharvest decay in apples and pears and to remove patulin in vitro effectively. However, because the yeast induced patulin accumulation in fruit, the assessment of mycotoxin content after biological treatments in postharvest decay control is important. R. paludigenum may also be a promising source of gene(s) and enzyme(s) for patulin degradation and may be a tool to decrease patulin contamination in commercial fruit-derived products.

scholarly journals Timing of Preharvest Infection of Pear Fruit by Botrytis cinerea and the Relationship to Postharvest Decay

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 468-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Lennox ◽  
R. A. Spotts
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Poor Predictor ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Relationship

Botrytis cinerea causes significant levels of postharvest decay in the winter pear cultivar d'Anjou. The objectives of this study were to determine the timing of B. cinerea infection of pear stems and calyxes in the orchard during the growing season, to investigate the development of gray mold in storage, and to determine whether preharvest levels of B. cinerea in pear stems and calyxes can be used as predictors of gray mold levels observed in storage. Very low levels of B. cinerea were isolated from stem tissue prior to harvest. In a single year repeat experiment, stems sampled at harvest had higher levels of infection than those sampled earlier in the season. Little or no stem end gray mold was detected in fruit after 3 months in air-storage; however, incidence increased between 6 and 8 months. Calyx end gray mold was detected at low levels in fruit stored for up to 8 months. The mean incidence of stem end gray mold was 3.6 and 2.0%, and incidence of calyx end gray mold was 1.2 and 0.2%, in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Calyxes were susceptible to infection soon after full bloom; however, inoculation of calyxes in April or May did not result in higher levels of calyx end gray mold in storage. Therefore, preharvest level of calyx infection is a poor predictor of calyx end gray mold in storage. In addition, application of benomyl in the orchard reduced the level of B. cinerea in blossoms but had no effect on levels of calyx end gray mold of fruit in storage. Packing and shipping fruit within 3 to 6 months of harvest may mitigate economic losses due to gray mold.

scholarly journals Fumigation of Stored Pome Fruit with Hexanal Reduces Blue and Gray Mold Decay

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter L. Sholberg ◽  
Paul Randall
Keyword(s):  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Apple Slices

Stored apples and pears are subject to blue and gray mold decay incited by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea respectively. Hexanal, a C6 carbon aldehyde, used as a vapor provided effective control of both blue and gray molds in laboratory experiments on apple slices. A preliminary trial with ‘Anjou’ pears in bins showed that hexanal was not corrosive and could reduce gray mold in pears stored for 7 months. However details on the correct procedure for fumigating pome fruit were lacking, and further studies were needed to develop a reliable fumigation strategy. In trials with inoculated fruit, hexanal inactivated conidia of B. cinerea contaminating the pear surface when used at a rate of 2 mg·L−1 for 24 hours or 4 mg·L−1 for 18 hours. It was less effective on ‘Gala’ apples inoculated with conidia of P. expansum, but reduced blue mold decay to low levels at 15 ºC. On the other hand, hexanal increased gray and blue molds when used after wounds were made in inoculated fruit. The use of a preharvest treatment with cyprodinil (0.62 g·L−1) reduced both blue and gray molds in wounds with or without hexanal fumigation. Thus a strategy for controlling postharvest decay was developed by which fruit were treated 2 weeks before harvest with cyprodinil, followed by fumigation with hexanal immediately after harvest. The use of this strategy on ‘Anjou’ pears produced the highest number of mold-free fruit in 2003 and the least amount of gray and blue mold decay in 2003 and 2004 on pears stored for 4 months. Wounded apples only developed 1% rot compared with 10% in the control, indicating that hexanal fumigation of stored apples reduced contamination. Monitoring hexanal during fumigation showed that hexanal concentration declined slowly over a 24-hour period and could accurately be described by a third-order polynomial equation. Hexanal fumigation at low rates (2–3 mg·L−1) was not phytotoxic and improved aroma in ‘Anjou’ pears and ‘Gala’ apples with no harmful effects on apple or pear firmness, pH, titratable acidity, or soluble solids.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document