scholarly journals Resistance to Boscalid Fungicide in Alternaria alternata Isolates from Pistachio in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 1345-1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herve F. Avenot ◽  
Themis J. Michailides
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Prior History ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Fitness Parameters ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean

Boscalid is a new carboxamide fungicide recently introduced in a mixture with pyraclostrobin in the product Pristine for the control of Alternaria late blight of pistachio. In all, 108 isolates of Alternaria alternata were collected from pistachio orchards with (59 isolates) and without (49 isolates) prior exposure to boscalid. The sensitivity to boscalid was determined in conidial germination assays. The majority of isolates from two orchards without a prior history of boscalid usage had effective fungicide concentration to inhibit 50% of spore germination (EC50) values ranging from 0.089 to 3.435 μg/ml, and the mean EC50 was 1.515 μg/ml. Out of 59 isolates collected from an orchard with a history of boscalid usage, 52 isolates had EC50 values ranging from 0.055 to 4.222 μg/ml, and the mean EC50 was 1.214 μg/ml. However, in vitro tests for conidial germination and mycelial growth also revealed that seven A. alternata isolates, originating from the orchard exposed to boscalid were highly resistant (EC50 > 100 μg/ml) to this fungicide. Furthermore, in vitro tests showed no significant differences between wild-type and boscalid-resistant mutants in some fitness parameters such as spore germination, hyphal growth, sporulation, or virulence on pistachio leaves. Experiments on the stability of the boscalid-resistant phenotype showed no reduction of the resistance after the mutants were grown on fungicide-free medium. Preventative applications of a commercial formulation of boscalid (Endura) at a concentration which is effective against naturally sensitive isolates failed to control disease caused by the boscalid-resistant isolates in laboratory tests. To our knowledge, this is first report of field isolates of fungi resistant to boscalid.

Severe Hemolytic Reaction Due to Anti-JK3

1999 ◽  
Vol 123 (10) ◽  
pp. 949-951
Author(s):  
Carol S. Marshall ◽  
Denis Dwyre ◽  
Robin Eckert ◽  
Liisa Russell
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Ethnic Variability ◽  
Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rare Phenotype ◽  
Antibody Screen

Abstract A 35-year-old gravida 3, para 3 Filipino woman with a negative antibody screen, no prior history of transfusion, and no hemolytic disease of the newborn in her children suffered a massive postpartum hemorrhage requiring transfusion. A severe hemolytic transfusion reaction occurred 5 days after delivery. Subsequently, a panagglutinin on a routine antibody identification panel was identified as anti-Jk3. The patient's red blood cell phenotype was Jk(a−b−) and all of her children were Jk(a−b+), yet the antibody that formed reacted with equal strength against all Jka- or Jkb-positive cells. The rare Jk(a−b−) phenotype is more common in Polynesians. Anti-Jk3, like other Kidd system antibodies, is difficult to detect because in vivo production may be absent between provocative episodes and because these antibodies often show weak in vitro reactions. The increasing numbers of Pacific Islanders in the United States could result in more frequent encounters with this rare phenotype. Increased awareness of ethnic variability in blood phenotypes and of the capricious nature of Kidd antibodies can help pathologists and technologists deal more effectively with these cases.

scholarly journals Acute Testicular Torsion in Children: A Tertiary Hospital Experience in a Developing Country

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Chukwubuike Kevin Emeka
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Surgery ◽  
Testicular Torsion ◽  
Undescended Testis ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Testicular Pain ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urological Emergency ◽  
The Right

Background: Testicular torsion is a urological emergency in which there is a race against time to salvage the testis. The aim of this study was to evaluate our experience in the management of children who presented with acute testicular torsion. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of children aged 15 years and below who had surgery for acute testicular torsion between January 2013 and December 2017 at the pediatric surgery unit of a teaching hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. Results: Sixty-four children were managed during the study period. The ages of the patients ranged from 2 months to 14 years with a median of 6 years. The right testis was mostly affected and the mean duration from the onset of symptom to presentation was 4 hours. All the patients presented with testicular pain and half of the patients had a prior history of intermittent testicular pain. Four (6.3%) patients had a history of trauma precipitating the testicular torsion and 3 (4.7%) patients had undescended testis. Detorsion and Orchidopexy was the most performed surgical procedure and wound infection was the most common post-operative complication. There was no mortality. Conclusion: Testicular torsion is not uncommon in children and may be associated with testicular loss. The right testis is mostly involved in children. Prior history of intermittent testicular pain, trauma and undescended testis are important considerations. Prompt detorsion and orchidopexy remains the cornerstone of treatment.

scholarly journals THE USE OF HYDROXYETHYL STARCH 200/0,5 AS PLASMA SUBTITUTES IS SAFE IN HYPOVOLEMIC PATIENTS AS INDICATED IN CHANGES OF N-ACETYL--GLUCOSAMINIDASE AND CREATININ SERUM PARAMETERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Dewi Wara Shinta ◽  
Junaidi Khotib ◽  
Eddy Rahardjo ◽  
Mahardian Rahmadi ◽  
Budi Suprapti
Keyword(s):  
Hydroxyethyl Starch ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Urine Creatinine ◽  
Tissue Edema ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Baseline Characteristics ◽  
Two Parameters

Hydroxyethyl Starch (HES) is a compound that improves intravascular volume effectively and rapidly without causing tissue edema. However, HES also has renal safety profile which is still being debated. Based on clinical experience in Dr. Soetomo Hospital, the frequency of acute renal failure following HES 200/0.5 administration at a dose of less than 20 ml/kg (maximum dose) is very rare. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of HES 200/0.5 at a dose of less than 20 ml/kg in patients undergoing surgery. N-acetyl-b-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG) per urine creatinine ratio and creatinine serum were used as main parameter to assess renal injury. This research was observational and prospective design in patients undergoing elective surgery at Gedung Bedah Pusat Terpadu, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, who requiring resuscitation therapy with HES 200/0.5 and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. NAG was measured prior to surgery and 12 hours after administration of fluid therapy, while creatinine serum was observed before surgery and 48 hours after resuscitation. This study was conducted for three months, and obtained 50 subjects divided into 2 groups, crystalloid group and HES 200/0.5 group. Demographic and baseline characteristics did not differ between groups, except the total bleeding volume. Total bleeding in HES 200/0.5group was higher than crystalloid group (p <0.0001). The mean volume of fluid received in HES 200/0.5 group was 2042.0 ± 673.9 mL, higher when compared with that of crystalloid group (910.0 ± 592.0 ml). Doses of HES 200/0.5 received was 8.31 ± 4.86 ml/kg. Measurement of the of NAG/creatinine ratio and creatinine serum showed significant increase in both groups, but still within the normal range. In addition, the value of these two parameters did not differ between groups. In conclusion, HES 200/0.5 in a dose of less than 20 ml/kg is safe to use in patients who suffered from hypovolemic hemorrhage, without prior history of renal impairment.

scholarly journals Skin and In Vitro Tests are Positive in Every 10th Patient with a Plausible History of Betalactam Allergy

2019 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. AB33
Author(s):  
Stefan Wöhrl ◽  
Christian Ostermayer ◽  
Gabriele Sesztak-Greinecker ◽  
Wolfgang Hemmer ◽  
Felix Wantke
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Control of Sphaeropsis Rot in Stored Apple Fruit Caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens with Postharvest Fungicides

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 1075-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Xiao ◽  
Y. K. Kim ◽  
R. J. Boal
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Sphaeropsis Rot

Sphaeropsis rot caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens is a recently reported postharvest fruit rot disease of apple grown in Washington State. The objective of this study was to develop chemical-based mitigation measures for Sphaeropsis rot in stored apple fruit. To determine in vitro sensitivity of S. pyriputrescens to the three registered postharvest fungicides thiabendazole, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil, 30 isolates of S. pyriputrescens obtained from various sources were tested for mycelial growth and conidial germination on fungicide-amended media. Golden Delicious apple fruit were inoculated with the pathogen in the orchard at 2 or 5 weeks before harvest. After harvest, fruit were either nontreated or dipped in thiabendazole, fludioxonil, or pyrimethanil solutions, stored at 0°C, and monitored for decay development for up to 9 months after harvest. The mean effective concentration of a fungicide that inhibits mycelial growth or spore germination by 50% relative to the nonamended control (EC50) values of thiabendazole, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil on mycelial growth were 0.791, 0.0005, and 2.829 μg/ml, respectively. Fludioxonil and pyrimethanil also were effective in inhibiting conidial germination of the fungus with EC50 values of 0.02 μg/ml for fludioxonil and 5.626 μg/ml for pyrimethanil. All three postharvest fungicides applied at label rates immediately after harvest were equally effective in controlling Sphaeropsis rot in stored apple fruit, reducing disease incidence by 92 to 100% compared with the nontreated control. The results indicated that Sphaeropsis rot may be effectively controlled by the currently registered postharvest fungicides thiabendazole, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil.

Saltation and suspension trajectories of solid grains in a water stream

1977 ◽  
Vol 284 (1321) ◽  
pp. 225-254 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Gradient ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Water Stream ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Conservation Of Momentum ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Exposure Technique

This paper continues the investigation of the motion of solitary grains in a water stream, reported by Francis (1973)- The trajectories of solid grains are photographed by a multi-exposure technique as they are propelled by water streams along the bed of a laboratory channel. Many thousands of photographs were taken and analysed to determine the positions, velocities and accelerations of the grain. The technique does not take into account the possible effect, in multi-grain transport, of intergranular collisions. The three different modes of transport of grains were all observed — rolling, saltation and suspension, and the proportion of each found for a variety of transport stage w*/w*0. The development of suspension is much less rapid than the development of saltation from rolling, but even at the highest stage used, about 3.0, there is still a small amount of rolling. The trajectory dimensions and geometry are shown in relation to the stage which uniquely determines the geometry. Experiments where the grain is suddenly entrained from a stationary position show that several features of the subsequent trajectory are the same as those of a trajectory with a prior history of movement: thus it is inferred that the start of a trajectory is by way of hydrodynamic forces rather than by the conservation of momentum of previous trajectories. Impacts and trajectories were analysed for the coefficient of friction tan cc and for the height of the effective thrust. While tan a is shown to be rather larger than has been suspected in the past, the variation of yn throws light upon predominance of slow fluid near the bed rather than high speed inrushes of fast fluid. Better information is now available for finding the mean forward speed of grains compared to that presented in the earlier paper. There are grounds for believing the existence of a * shear-drift ’ force on grains when they are in a velocity gradient, giving a force opposing gravity: but there is no evidence of a proximity effect of the bed independent of the velocity gradient.

Measurement of Activated Factor IX in Factor IX Concentrates: Correlation with In Vivo Thrombogenicity

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (04) ◽  
pp. 675-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Gray ◽  
Jill Tubbs ◽  
S Thomas ◽  
A Oates ◽  
M Boisclair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Prothrombin Complex Concentrates ◽  
Thrombotic Risk ◽  
Chromogenic Assay ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Thrombogenic Potential

SummaryCurrent in vitro tests for thrombogenicity of FIX concentrates used for prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs), are of little value when applied to high purity FIX (HP FIXs). In the present study, we have developed a chromogenic assay for activated FIX (FIXa) and evaluated its ability to predict in vivo thrombogenic potential of HP FIXs in a modified Wessler stasis model. Among the HP FIXs, only 1 out of 7 products had no detectable FIXa; this product also showed no in vivo thrombogenicity. In the other 6 products, FIXa content ranged from 0.15–1.2 U/1000 iu FIX, and all showed some evidence of in vivo thrombogenicity, with mean thrombus scores ranging from 0.25–4. There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.55, p <0.02) between FIXa levels and in vivo thrombogenicity of HP FIXs. NAPTT data were not significantly correlated with the in vivo results and the TFCT also showed no direct correlation with the mean thrombus score. These results indicate that HP FIXs may still carry a small residual thrombotic risk and measurement of FIXa content of these products may be a better predictor of thrombogenicity than the current in vitro tests.

Immunogenicity of Subcutaneous Versus Intramuscular Oka/Merck Varicella Vaccination in Healthy Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 604-607
Author(s):  
Penelope H. Dennehy ◽  
Keith S. Reisinger ◽  
Mark M. Blatter ◽  
Barbara A. Veloudis
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Varicella Vaccination ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Geometric Mean Titer ◽  
Clinical Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
To Receive

To compare the immunogenicity and safety of varicella vaccine by either subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 166 healthy children aged 12 months to 10 years old who had no prior history of varicella were enrolled from two pediatric practices and randomly assigned to receive 0.5 mL of a single lot of varicella vaccine. Sera from the day of and 6 weeks postvaccination were tested for varicella antibody by gpELISA. Parents recorded clinical events occurring in the 6 weeks following vaccination. In the 132 evaluable children, the mean prevaccination titer was 0.3 gpELISA units for both groups. Sixty-three (97%) of the 65 receiving varicella vaccine by the subcutaneous route seroconverted compared with 67 (100%) of 67 immunized intramuscularly. Postvaccination geometric mean titer in the subcutaneous group was 6.9 ± 7.0 gpELISA units and did not differ significantly from the geometric mean titer of 10.5 ± 4.4 in the intramuscular group. Varicella vaccine was generally well tolerated by either route; 21% of both groups complained of reactions at the injection site and 7% had a varicella-like rash. Although varicella vaccine is recommended to be given subcutaneously, the results of this study indicate that inadvertent intramuscular administration of varicella vaccine is not reason for revaccination.

scholarly journals Baseline Sensitivity of Guignardia citricarpa Isolates from Florida to Azoxystrobin and Pyraclostrobin

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 780-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Hincapie ◽  
Nan-Yi Wang ◽  
Natalia A. Peres ◽  
Megan M. Dewdney
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Qoi Fungicides ◽  
Resistance Risk ◽  
Guignardia Citricarpa ◽  
The Mean

Citrus black spot (CBS), caused by Guignardia citricarpa, is an emerging disease in Florida. Fungicide applications are the main control measure worldwide. The in vitro activity and baseline sensitivity of G. citricarpa isolates to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides (azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin) were evaluated. The effective concentration needed to reduce mycelial growth or spore germination by 50% (EC50) was determined for 86 isolates obtained from Florida counties where CBS is found. The effect of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) plus azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin was also assessed for mycelial growth and conidial germination. The mean EC50 for mycelial growth for azoxystrobin was 0.027 μg/ml and that for pyraclostrobin was significantly lower at 0.007 μg/ml (P < 0.0001). Similarly, the mean EC50 for conidial germination for azoxystrobin was 0.016 μg/ml and that for pyraclostrobin was significantly lower at 0.008 μg/ml (P < 0.0001). There was no effect of SHAM on inhibition of mycelial growth or conidial germination by the QoI fungicides but SHAM slightly affected mycelium inhibition by pyraclostrobin. Cytochrome b was partially sequenced and three group 1 introns were found. One intron was immediately post G143, likely inhibiting resistance-conferring mutations at that site. It is surmised that the QoI resistance risk is low in the Florida G. citricarpa population.

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