scholarly journals Efficacy of Natural Plant Products on the Control of Aggregate Sheath Spot of Rice

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 986-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patcharavipa Chaijuckam ◽  
R. Michael Davis
Keyword(s):  
Disease Suppression ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Antagonistic Effects ◽  
Rhizoctonia Oryzae ◽  
High Concentrations

Aqueous extracts from ginger, pepper, basil, and garlic plants and essential oils from neem, garlic, lemongrass, and cinnamon were evaluated for their antagonistic effects against Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae, the cause of aggregate sheath spot of rice. The compounds in 5% concentrations in water or agar were tested on several R. oryzae-sativae isolates. Cinnamon oil, the most efficacious plant product in vitro, was further tested in the greenhouse for the control of the disease on two rice cultivars inoculated with R. oryzae-sativae. One milliliter of each of four cinnamon oil concentrations (12.5, 37.5, 62.5, or 87.5%) diluted in vegetable oil was applied to the surface of the water in constantly flooded pots. Cinnamon oil failed to reduce the disease caused by one of the isolates at any concentration. Cinnamon oil suppressed the disease caused by the other isolate on one of the cultivars at a concentration of 37.5%, and on both cultivars at a concentration of 62.5 and 87.5%. However, cinnamon oil at 87.5% was phytotoxic. Cinnamon oil has potential to control aggregate sheath spot but relatively high concentrations were required for disease suppression.

Contrast Medium Induced Changes in Granulocyte Adherence in Vitro and during Angiography

1988 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Lang ◽  
E. C. Lasser
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Medium ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Very High

The effect of ioxaglate and diatrizoate on per cent granulocyte adherence to nylon fibers was investigated in blood to which contrast medium was added in vitro and in blood from patients undergoing angiography. Very high concentrations of contrast medium, added to blood in vitro, directly abolished granulocyte adherence to nylon fibers. Intraaortic bolus injections of ioxaglate, but not of saline, transiently increased granulocyte concentrations in the femoral vein. Fractional granulocyte adherence to nylon fibers increased significantly above the baseline when angiographic dosages of contrast medium were diluted by circulation within the human body. On the other hand, dilute concentrations of contrast medium had no effect on per cent granulocyte adherence when added to whole blood in vitro. This indicates that the increased adherence produced in vivo is an indirect effect, which, usually, cannot be simulated in vitro.

High Fibrinogen Concentrations and a Positive Ethanol Gelation Test

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Slaastad ◽  
H. C. Godal
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Test ◽  
Consumption Coagulopathy ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Soluble Fibrin ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Gelation Test

In patients with a positive ethanol gelation test other findings indicating consumption coagulopathy was more frequently demonstrated than in patients with a negative test. Furthermore, high fibrinogen levels were closely associated with a positive test, even, when all the other parameters studied were normal.To see if high concentrations of fibrinogen alone produced gelation with ethanol fibrinogen was administered intravenously to rabbit. During infusion of highly purified fibrinogen, the test remained negative even at fibrinogen levels above 1500mg%. If the fibrinogen was treated with traces of thrombin prior to infusion, the ethanol test became positive at fibrinogen values about 500 mg%. Thus, soluble fibrin is necessary to give a positive ethanol test even at high fibrinogen levels. This was also supported by in vitro studies.

In vitro and in vivo effects of increased concentrations of free fatty acids on free thyroxin measurements as determined by five assays

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Sapin ◽  
J L Schlienger ◽  
F Grunenberger ◽  
F Gasser ◽  
J Chambron
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
In Vitro Experiments ◽  
Fat Emulsion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
In Vivo Effects

Abstract To compare in vitro and in vivo effects of increased concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) on free thyroxin (FT4) values, we measured FT4 in three pooled sera supplemented with oleate and in serum from 18 euthyroid patients before and after an infusion of fat emulsion (Intralipid). We used five FT4 RIA kits: two two-step methods [Gammacoat, Baxter (GC); Ria-gnost, Behring (RG)], two analog RIAs [Amerlex-M, Amersham (AM); Coat-Ria, BioMérieux (CR)], and one kit with labeled antibodies [Amerlex-MAB*, Amersham (AA)]. In vitro, at the maximum oleate addition of 5 mmol/L, FT4 increased when measured by the GC and RG kits, decreased by the AM kit, and showed no significant change by the CR and AA kits. In vivo, post-Intralipid, FFA concentrations rose significantly and the FT4 changes agreed with the results of the in vitro experiments, except for the RG kit, for which FT4 increased in only nine patients. We conclude that in vitro oleate addition is useful to predict the in vivo effect of increased FFA on FT4 values; moreover, in serum from euthyroid subjects with high concentrations of FFA, FT4 analyzed with the CR or AA kits should better agree with normal results for thyrotropin than FT4 values measured with the other kits.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES

1927 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 735-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Neill ◽  
William L. Fleming ◽  
Emidio L. Gaspari
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Product ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Hemolytic Action ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The One

The following modifications of the antigen (pneumococcus hemotoxin) were studied: (1) the hemolytically active (reduced) substance; (2) the hemolytically inactive, reversible oxidation product; (3) the inactive irreversible products formed by treatment With high concentrations of H2O2; (4) the inactive products formed by heat. The antibody-invoking property of the reversibly oxidized form seemed to be identical with that of the original, hemolytically active or reduced form; neither of the other two hemolytically inactive products invoked antibody production. The same modifications of the antigen which exhibited the antibody-invoking property in vivo possessed the antibody-combining property in vitro; and the modifications which lacked the one property also lacked the other. Evidence is presented that the groups of the hemotoxin molecule in which the true antigenic properties are resident are not necessarily altered by processes which inactivate the groupings responsible for the toxic (hemolytic) action of the original antigen. The lack of antigenic properties on the part of the other two hemolytically inactive modifications is evidence that the treatment employed to alter the toxic property of the molecule must be properly chosen to avoid profound changes which affect the antigenically effective groupings. From an immunological point of view, the reversibility of the antigenically effective oxidation product of pneumococcus hemotoxin is important as an index that the loss of toxicity (hemolysis) was accomplished without a profound change in the molecule. The theoretical significance of the antigenicity of non-toxic modifications of toxic antigens is discussed.

Interaction of Laterispora brevirama and the mycoparasites Sporidesmium sclerotivorum and Teratosperma oligocladum

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 786-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Ayers ◽  
P. B. Adams
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Secondary Parasite ◽  
Parasitic Activity ◽  
Parasitic Phase ◽  
Do So

Laterispora brevirama, a fungus found in association with the Sclerotinia mycoparasites Sporidesmium sclerotivorum and Teratosperma oligocladum, was markedly similar in morphology to the other two fungi yet differed in its parasitic activity. Laterispora brevirama colonized and proliferated on sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor which had been infected first by Sporidesmium sclerotivorum or T. oligocladum but did not do so in the absence of these specific mycoparasites. Macroconidia of L. brevirama germinated in soil in response to sclerotia infected by Sporidesmium sclerotivorum, and to hyphae of Sporidesmium sclerotivorum. Aqueous extracts of hyphal mats of Sporidesmium sclerotivorum stimulated maximal germination of macroconidia in vitro, although other nutrients also supported germination to a lesser extent. In culture and in its parasitic phase in soil, L. brevirama formed specialized contact cells on the hyphae of Sporidesmium sclerotivorum and T. oligocladum, but never appeared to invade hyphae. Laterispora brevirama added to soil at 1000 macroconidia/g, along with Sporidesmium sclerotivorum at the same concentration, did not influence the rate of infection and destruction of sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor by Sporidesmium sclerotivorum. The resulting numbers of new macroconidia of Sporidesmium sclerotivorum formed in the soil from energy derived from the infected sclerotia, however, were reduced by the presence of L. brevirama. Laterispora brevirama is either a direct parasite of Sporidesmium sclerotivorum and T. oligocladum or is a secondary parasite of Sclerotinia spp. that is active only in association with either of the two primary mycoparasites.

scholarly journals Effect of Sodium Trimetaphosphate on Hydroxyapatite Solubility: An In Vitro Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Antonio Santos Souza ◽  
Jackeline Gallo do Amaral ◽  
Joao Carlos Silos Moraes ◽  
Kikue Takebayashi Sassaki ◽  
Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
Keyword(s):  
Fine Powder ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sodium Trimetaphosphate ◽  
Ratio Data ◽  
Ph Cycling ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Low Solubility ◽  
Molybdate Method

This study evaluated the effect of different concentrations of sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) with and without fluoride (F) on the concentration of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and F in hydroxyapatite (HA). Synthetic HA powder (0.15 g) was suspended (n=6) in solutions (75 mL) of TMP at 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, 8.0% and 10% concentrations in the presence and absence of 100 ppm F and subjected to a pH-cycling process. The precipitates were filtrated, dried at 70° C for 24 h and ground onto a fine powder. The concentrations of F (KOH (CaF2) and HCl (FA) soluble), Ca (Arsenazo III), and P (molybdate method) in HA were determined. The Ca P, and Ca/P ratio data were subjected to Tukey's test and the F data were subjected to Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05). The addition of TMP to the samples reduced F deposition to 98% (p<0.001). The groups containing 100 ppm F and 0.4% or 0.6% TMP exhibited a higher Ca concentration than the group containing only 100 ppm F (p<0.05). Furthermore, the HA treated with 0.2% and 0.4% TMP and 100 ppm F showed a higher Ca/P ratio than the other groups (p<0.001). In conclusion, TMP at 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% concentrations combined with F seemed to be able to precipitate HA with low solubility. However, especially at high concentrations, TMP interferes with F deposition on HA.

Insectary tests with insecticides to protect sheep against body strike

1950 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 440 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Waterhouse ◽  
MT Scott
Keyword(s):  
Solid Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lucilia Cuprina ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Dense Population ◽  
Partial Protection ◽  
Cent Concentration ◽  
Artificial Rain ◽  
High Concentrations

Areas on the backs of sheep were sprayed with several insecticides and a comparison was made of the degree and length of protection thus provided against oviposition, and in one experiment against strike, by Lucilia cuprina when the sheep were exposed to a dense population of flies in an insectary. Indole plugs were tied into the fleece to provide conditions suitable for oviposition. Under these conditions, DDT gave better protection than other insecticides. In 2 per cent. concentration it gave excellent protection for 6-8 weeks; in 1 per cent. concentration the protective period was shorter, although valuable protection was still given. A noticeable feature of the DDT treatments was their long partial protection after some oviposition was permitted, an effect which was not as marked with other insecticides. Crude BHC preparations gave valuable protection when applied at 0.3 per cent. gamma isomer. Intermittent artificial rain, amounting to 17 inches, did not affect the protection afforded by 1.0 per cent. DDT or 0.5 per cent. BHC over a 64-day period. Chlordane gave some protection, but it was less effective than DDT, and chlorinated camphene did not give useful protection. In vitro tests indicated that none of the insecticides was ovicidal. However, in larvicidal tests BHC was extremely toxic, the vapour killing larvae rapidly even when contact with the solid material was prevented. None of the other insecticides had a fumigating action, although in high concentrations they were often lethal on contact.

scholarly journals Identification of Fungal Pathogens of Mango and Soursop Fruits Using Morphological and Molecular Tools and Their Control Using Papaya and Soursop Leaf and Seed Extracts

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Sara Elena Hernández-Guerrero ◽  
Rosendo Balois-Morales ◽  
Pedro Ulises Bautista-Rosales ◽  
Graciela Guadalupe López-Guzmán ◽  
Guillermo Berumen-Varela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽  
Saponin Content ◽  
Seed Extracts

Fruit and vegetable products are susceptible to the attack of fungi during postharvest handling. Chemical fungicides are the most commonly used technique to control fungal diseases. However, an alternative product is the use of plant extracts, which have been reported in in vitro and in vivo conditions. The objective of this investigation was to identify one of the main pathogens of mango and soursop fruits using morphological and molecular tools as well as to evaluate the in vitro inhibitory effect of papaya and soursop leaf and seed extracts. Two pathogens were isolated and identified by their morphological and molecular characteristics from mango and soursop fruits. We obtained extracts from leaves and seeds of soursop and papaya using five solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water) through the ultrasound-assisted extraction technique at a frequency of 35 kHz and 160 W for 14 min. In vitro evaluations of the extracts were performed using the Kirby–Bauer technique. The extracts with the highest percentage of inhibition were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using standardized techniques of colorimetry and spectrophotometry. Furthermore, we determined the content of total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, and saponins. As a result, we identified the pathogens as Colletotrichum fructicola and Nectria haematococca. Aqueous extracts (water as a solvent) showed a higher percentage of inhibition of both pathogens compared with the other extracts. Furthermore, the aqueous extract of papaya leaf was the most effective among all extracts. The aqueous papaya leaf extract exhibited a percentage of inhibition of 49.86% for C. fructicola and 47.89% for N. haematococca. The aqueous extracts of papaya leaf and seed (AqEPL and AqEPS) presented the greatest amount of metabolites (except anthraquinones and coumarins). The aqueous soursop leaf extract (AqESL) presented the greatest amount of phenols, tannins, and flavonoids (219.14 ± 8.52 mg GAE/L, 159.84 ± 10 mg GAE/g dm and 0.13 ± 1.12 × 10−4, respectively). The aqueous soursop seed extract (AqESS) had the highest saponin content with 1.2 ± 0.1 mg QSES/g dm and the papaya leaf accusative extract (AqEPL) had the highest alkaloid content (6.413 ± 1 × 10−3 mg AE/g dm) compared with the other extracts. The AqESS had a lower content of secondary metabolites (sterols, alkaloids, and saponins), while AqESL showed no presence of alkaloids and coumarins.

Enhancement of ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation by Adrenaline in Vivo and Its Prevention

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Itsuro Kobayashi ◽  
Tadahiro Sano ◽  
Takio Shimamoto
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Blood Coagulability ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe authors previously reported a transient decrease in adhesive platelet count and an enhancement of blood coagulability after administration of a small amount of adrenaline (0.1-1 µg per Kg, i. v.) in man and rabbit. In such circumstances, the sensitivity of platelets to aggregation induced by ADP was studied by an optical density method. Five minutes after i. v. injection of 1 µg per Kg of adrenaline in 10 rabbits, intensity of platelet aggregation increased to 115.1 ± 4.9% (mean ± S. E.) by 10∼5 molar, 121.8 ± 7.8% by 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before the injection by 10”6 molar ADP. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01-0.05). The above change was not observed in each group of rabbits injected with saline, 1 µg per Kg of 1-noradrenaline or 0.1 and 10 µg per Kg of adrenaline. Also, it was prevented by oral administration of 10 mg per Kg of phenoxybenzamine or propranolol or aspirin or pyridinolcarbamate 3 hours before the challenge. On the other hand, the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was not observed in vitro, when 10-5 or 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before 10∼6 molar ADP was added to citrated platelet rich plasma (CPRP) of rabbit after incubation at 37°C for 30 second with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg per ml of adrenaline or noradrenaline. These results suggest an important interaction between endothelial surface and platelets in connection with the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adrenaline in vivo.

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