scholarly journals Puccinia hemerocallidis, Cause of Daylily Rust, a Newly Introduced Disease in the Americas

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
pp. 1194-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
José R. Hernández ◽  
Mary E. Palm ◽  
Lisa A. Castlebury
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Central America ◽  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Its Region ◽  
The United States

A rust of daylilies was introduced recently into North and Central America. In order to confirm the identity of this rust as Puccinia hemerocallidis, numerous specimens from Costa Rica and the United States were examined morphologically and compared with specimens from China, Japan, Russia, and Taiwan. In addition, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA was sequenced from six representative fresh specimens from the Americas and Asia. We conclude that the rust introduced into the Americas is P. hemerocallidis, for which a modern description is provided with illustrations of the uredinial and telial stages.

scholarly journals Ipomoea quamoclit (cypress vine).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Central America ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Agricultural Weed ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

Abstract Ipomoea quamoclit is a fast-growing vine, native to Mexico and Central America, and widely cultivated and introduced to many countries as an ornamental for its attractive foliage and bright flowers. It has escaped from cultivation to become naturalized and invasive in a variety of habitats, where it competes with native vine species and behaves as an agricultural weed. It is listed as invasive in Australia, Papua New Guinea, India, the United States, Brazil, the Galapagos Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Maldives, the Seychelles and many islands in the Pacific Ocean.

scholarly journals Larva of Nothotrichia shasta Harris & Armitage (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from California, USA, with its phylogenetic and taxonomic implications

Zootaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3620 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHERINE A. PARYS ◽  
STEVEN C. HARRIS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
Small Genus

Nothotrichia Flint 1967 is a small genus of infrequently collected microcaddisflies known from Chile and Brazil in South America, Costa Rica in Central America, and the United States in North America. Previously known only from adult specimens, we provide the first description and illustration of a larva in the genus, the larva of N. shasta from California, USA. We provide characters to separate Nothotrichia from other similar genera and an updated key to larval Hydroptilidae modified from that of Wiggins (1996). Larval characters provide additional evidence for the phylogeny and classification of the genus, which we now place tentatively in tribe Ochrotrichiini (subfamily Hydroptilinae).

Oscar Arias and the Treaty of Esquipulas

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Travis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Central America ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Military Policy ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Central Americans ◽  
Proxy War

Throughout the 1980s, Central America was wracked by conflict. El Salvador faced a guerrilla insurgency, Guatemala’s long conflict festered, and Nicaragua faced a continually escalating U.S.-led proxy war that used fighters, loosely referred to as the Contras, to wage war on the Nicaraguan government through cross-border raids that implicated Costa Rica and Honduras in persistent violations of sovereignty. The Treaty of Esquipulas, spearheaded by Costa Rican President Oscar Arias Sanchez, ended these conflicts and brought stability to the region. The Treaty of Esquipulas stands as one of the most significant and understudied peace agreements of the late Cold War. These accords ran counter to the will of the more powerful United States, which throughout the 1980s had sought to use military force as the key to achieving regime change in Nicaragua. The United States policy of supporting guerrillas that waged a war of regime change in Nicaragua fanned the flames of conflict and destabilized the region. Esquipulas undermined this destructive policy. For the first time, the small nations of Central America, so long considered the imperial servants of the United States, thwarted an aggressive U.S. military policy. Through intense diplomatic meetings, and in the wake of the controversy that developed from the Iran–Contra scandal, President Arias of Costa Rica succeeded in creating a peace agreement for Central Americans and authored by Central Americans. The Esquipulas accords were a blanket repudiation of the near decade-long Contra war policy of the United States. Central America created diplomatic unity and facilitated a successful opposition to the military policy of its more powerful neighbor. This agreement was a great triumph of peace and diplomacy created in the face of what seemed like overwhelming odds.

Contadora: The Failure of Diplomacy

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Michael Bagley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Central America ◽  
Political System ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central American ◽  
Democratic Political System

By Mid-1986, The Contadora Group's search for a negotiated peace in Central America had reached a seemingly insurmountable impasse. Negotiations were deadlocked over the issues of arms limitations, democratization, and US support for the Nicaraguan counter-revolutionaries (contrarevolucionarios or contras). The United States and its closest Central American allies - Costa Rica, Honduras and El Salvador - demanded that Nicaragua reduce the size of its armed forces and install a democratic political system before they would end support for the contras Nicaragua's Sandinistas, in turn, refused to disarm until the United States and its Central American neighbors halted their support for the contras, they also rejected all proposals for direct negotiations with the contras.

scholarly journals The Fragility of the Labour Corridors to Costa Rica and the United States: Precarious Migrant Workers in Central America

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abelardo Morales-Gamboa
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Central America ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Central American ◽  
Formal Economy ◽  
Legal Difficulties

Central American migration flows take place mostly through two main corridors: the northern corridor to the United States, and the southern corridor to Costa Rica. Using the concept of fragility, in this article I analyse how migration combines the precarity and vulnerability that Central American workers face, both in their home country and in the corridors toward the destination labour markets. Their movements and the conditions they encounter reflect a new scale of local and transnational labour relationships. Migrant workers constitute a segment of the workforce in transnational corridors, which circulates between several informal activities but also among key sectors of the formal economy; the latter often takes advantage of their social, occupational and even legal difficulties. Keywords: Central America; migrant workers; labour markets; informal economy; labour corridors

Risk of Opportunistic Infection in the HAART Era Among HIV-Infected Latinos Born in the United States Compared to Latinos Born in Mexico and Central America

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Rock Wohl ◽  
Sharon Lu ◽  
Jane Turner ◽  
Andrea Kovacs ◽  
Mallory Witt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central America ◽  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
The United States

A BIOSYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE GENUS MUSCIDIFURAX (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 1268-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Kogan ◽  
E. F. Legner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Central America ◽  
New World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Scanning Electronmicroscopy ◽  
United States Mexico

AbstractExtensive collections of synanthropic fly parasitoids in animal excrement accumulations in the United States, Mexico, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, Chile, Denmark, Israel, and South Africa yielded seven forms of a Muscidifurax complex which were totally or partially reproductively isolated. Morphological studies of female and male parasitoids coupled with biological and zoogeographical information permitted the identification of five sibling species. Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders 1910 is redescribed and four additional species are described as new: M. zaraptor, from the southwestern United States; M. raptoroides from Central America and Mexico; M. uniraptor from Puerto Rico, and M. raptorellus from Uruguay and Chile. Biological notes are added to the descriptions, and it was postulated that the genus is undergoing a process of speciation with local populations slowly becoming reproductively isolated and eventually giving rise to morphologically distinguishable entities. Most evidence suggests the establishment of Muscidifurax in the New World, concomitant with or shortly following the establishment of muscoid flies in accumulated excrement. Scanning electronmicroscopy was used in the analysis of some morphological structures.

Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America

1983 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Robert D. Crassweller ◽  
Walter LaFeber
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central America ◽  
The United States
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