A BIOSYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE GENUS MUSCIDIFURAX (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 1268-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Kogan ◽  
E. F. Legner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Central America ◽  
New World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Scanning Electronmicroscopy ◽  
United States Mexico

AbstractExtensive collections of synanthropic fly parasitoids in animal excrement accumulations in the United States, Mexico, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, Chile, Denmark, Israel, and South Africa yielded seven forms of a Muscidifurax complex which were totally or partially reproductively isolated. Morphological studies of female and male parasitoids coupled with biological and zoogeographical information permitted the identification of five sibling species. Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders 1910 is redescribed and four additional species are described as new: M. zaraptor, from the southwestern United States; M. raptoroides from Central America and Mexico; M. uniraptor from Puerto Rico, and M. raptorellus from Uruguay and Chile. Biological notes are added to the descriptions, and it was postulated that the genus is undergoing a process of speciation with local populations slowly becoming reproductively isolated and eventually giving rise to morphologically distinguishable entities. Most evidence suggests the establishment of Muscidifurax in the New World, concomitant with or shortly following the establishment of muscoid flies in accumulated excrement. Scanning electronmicroscopy was used in the analysis of some morphological structures.

The Civil War in an Atlantic Context

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don H. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
New World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Santo Domingo ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
The Caribbean

America’s Civil War became part of a much larger international crisis as European powers, happy to see the experiment in self-government fail in America’s “Great Republic,” took advantage of the situation to reclaim former colonies in the Caribbean and establish a European monarchy in Mexico. Overseas, in addition to their formal diplomatic appeals to European governments, both sides also experimented with public diplomacy campaigns to influence public opinion. Confederate foreign policy sought to win recognition and aid from Europe by offering free trade in cotton and aligning their cause with that of the aristocratic anti-democratic governing classes of Europe. The Union, instead, appealed to liberal, republican sentiment abroad by depicting the war as a trial of democratic government and embracing emancipation of the slaves. The Union victory led to the withdrawal of European empires from the New World: Spain from Santo Domingo, France from Mexico, Russia from Alaska, and Britain from Canada, and the destruction of slavery in the United States hastened its end in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Brazil.

European Possessions in the Americas

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-405
Author(s):  
E. Taylor Parks
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central America ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
New World ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Strategic Value ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Antarctic

The United States of 1783 was composed of thirteen former English colonies and their hinterland extending to the Mississippi River. Except on the Atlantic side, the new republic was surrounded by European possessions. In fact, the remainder of the New World was claimed by European nations. It was inevitable, therefore, that the United States from the beginning would concern itself with these European possessions.The degree of concern has been determined largely by three factors: (1) the geographic location of the areas, (2) their economic and strategic value, and (3) the relative power and prestige of their current or prospective possessors. As regards the geographic location of the areas, the interest of the United States has expanded roughly in broad concentric arcs: (a) contiguous continental lands (Florida, Louisiana, Texas, California, Oregon Territory); (b) Alaska, Central America, and the Caribbean; (c) South America and off-shore islands; and (d) the Antarctic. This expansion of interest has been concomitant with the territorial and economic growth of the United States, the development of ever-more-rapid means of transportation and communication, and the changing concepts of national defense.

Frost tolerance of Liquidambar styraciflua native to the United States, Mexico, and Central America

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1551-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Williams, III ◽  
Calvin McMillan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
United States Mexico ◽  
Amo 1618 ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Collection Sites ◽  
Selection Of

Seedlings derived from field-collected seed from the United States, Mexico, and Central America were tested for frost hardiness under laboratory conditions. U.S. seedlings grown under four controlled conditions demonstrated greatest frost hardening under cool temperatures and short day lengths. Seedlings representing northernmost U.S. collection sites developed greater frost tolerance than seedlings representing southern U.S. collection sites. In comparing United States, Mexico, and Central America seedlings, the U.S. material showed greatest frost tolerance with Mexico and Central America demonstrating similar hardiness. The application of plant hormones (natural gibberellic acid and artificial AMO-1618) produced opposite effects on U.S. seedlings derived from Connecticut and Florida seed. The Connecticut seedlings demonstrated greatest frost tolerance in all treatments. Demonstrated frost tolerance differences among United States, Mexico, and Central America populations strongly indicate selection of frost hardy races in habitats with severe frost conditions.

Synthesis of Results from the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) Process Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1601-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Higgins ◽  
David Gochis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central America ◽  
North American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Background Information ◽  
North American Monsoon ◽  
The North ◽  
Process Study ◽  
Monsoon System ◽  
United States Mexico

Abstract An international team of scientists from the United States, Mexico, and Central America carried out a major field campaign during the summer of 2004 to develop an improved understanding of the North American monsoon system leading to improved precipitation forecasts. Results from this campaign, which is the centerpiece of the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) Process Study, are reported in this issue of the Journal of Climate. In addition to a synthesis of key findings, this brief overview article also raises some important unresolved issues that require further attention. More detailed background information on NAME, including motivating science questions, where NAME 2004 was conducted, when, and the experimental design, was published previously by Higgins et al.

scholarly journals Resistance to Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum in tomato landraces from Mexico

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Garzón-Tiznado ◽  
Carlos A. López-Orona ◽  
Luciano Castro-Espinoza ◽  
Sixto Velarde-Félix ◽  
Marely G. Figueroa-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Central America ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
The United States ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Resistant Sources ◽  
United States Mexico

AbstractCandidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) is an economically important plant-pathogen of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) crops in the United States, Mexico, Central America, and New Zealand. Currently, there are no reports of resistance to CLso in tomato cultivars. Identification and development of CLso-resistant cultivars may offer the most efficient way to manage this tomato disease. Resistance of 46 tomato landraces collected in different regions of Mexico, representing a wide range of genetic variability from this country was evaluated. Two assays were done in consecutively years to assess the resistance to CLso under greenhouse conditions. Plants from both tests were inoculated with CLso through 20 Bactericera cockerelli insects per plant. In the first trial, landraces FC22 and FC44 showed a significantly higher proportion of resistant plants, less symptoms severity, and longer incubation time, followed by landraces FC40 and FC33 compared with the rest of the 42 landraces and 2 susceptible cultivars 60 days post inoculation (dpi). In the second assay, only landraces FC22 and FC44 had again significantly higher proportion of resistant plants, less symptoms severity, relative lower CLso titers, and longer incubation time in comparison with landraces FC40 and FC33 and the two susceptible cultivars 60 dpi, corroborating their resistance to CLso. Presence of CLso DNA in all resistant plants from both assays discards scape plants and indicates that the methodology used was adequate to discriminate between resistant and susceptible plants. These results confirm that landraces FC22 and FC44 are promising resistant sources for the development of CLso-resistant cultivars of tomato.Author summaryThe bacterium “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” (CLso) is an important plant-pathogen of tomato crops in the United States, Mexico, Central America, and New Zealand. Tomato growers are lacking of cultivars with resistance to this pathogen and the development of resistant cultivars of this crop would make a sustainable business for these growers and healthy tomato consumption for humans. Tomato landraces from countries that are center of domestication of cultivated crops like Mexico, are potentially sources of resistance to plant-pathogens. Therefore, two tests were done looking for resistance sources to this pathogen and we found two tomato landraces (FC22 and FC44) showing high level of resistance to CLso because they had significantly higher resistant plants, less symptoms severity, lower CLso DNA concentration, and delay of the first symptoms in the inoculated plants in comparison with the two commercial cultivars and 44 tomato landraces collected from Mexico 60 days post infection. These landraces are promising resistant sources for the development of CLso-resistant cultivars of tomato.

Cytogenetic and isozyme studies of wild and cultivated Capsicum annuum

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Conicella ◽  
A. Errico ◽  
F. Saccardo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gene Duplication ◽  
Central America ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Mexico ◽  
Hybridization Test ◽  
Translocation Heterozygosity ◽  
United States Mexico

The esterase isozymes of 15 wild and cultivated accessions of Capsicum annuum from different geographic areas throughout the United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America showed three patterns. All accessions from central Mexico, including the cultivated type, and some from the United States, had pattern A. Other accessions from the United States, those from Central America, and those from Peru had pattern B; those from Colombia had pattern C. Pattern C had more bands, apparently identical with those in the hybrids between A and B. F1 plants between the Colombian accession used in a hybridization test and accessions with patterns A and B showed associations of four or six chromosomes at metaphase I of meiosis. The hypothesis is discussed that pattern C resulted from a process of gene duplication. The alternative explanation of permanent translocation heterozygosity is excluded because in the Colombian accessions no multivalents were observed at meiosis.Key words: Capsicum, geographic distributions, duplication, translocation, isozymes.

scholarly journals THE INSECTS OF PUERTO RICO - COLEOPTERA

1969 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
George N. Wolcott
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
West Indies ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Not Given ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third

The very latest authoritative names for the beetles of Puerto Rico are included in the "Checklist of Coleopterous Insects of Mexico, Central America, the "West Indies and South America", compiled by Dr. Richard E. Blackwelder. This is Bulletin No. 185 of the United States National Museum, of which two parts appeared in 1944, the third in 1945, the fourth in 1946, while the fifth and concluding part was received late in 1947. As indications of generic transfers are not given in this list, none is included in the following pages. His changes in the gender of specific names are followed in the first citation even of economic insects, but often not subsequently.

A Consumer’s Guide to Eggs

EDIS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanine Beatty ◽  
Karla Shelnutt ◽  
Gail P. A. Kauwell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
New World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Christopher Columbus ◽  
Food Stores ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽  
Chicken Eggs

People have been eating eggs for centuries. Records as far back as 1400 BC show that the Chinese and Egyptians raised birds for their eggs. The first domesticated birds to reach the Americas arrived in 1493 on Christopher Columbus' second voyage to the New World. Most food stores in the United States offer many varieties of chicken eggs to choose from — white, brown, organic, cage free, vegetarian, omega-3 fatty acid enriched, and more. The bottom line is that buying eggs is not as simple as it used to be because more choices exist today. This 4-page fact sheet will help you understand the choices you have as a consumer, so you can determine which variety of egg suits you and your family best. Written by Jeanine Beatty, Karla Shelnutt, and Gail Kauwell, and published by the UF Department of Family Youth and Community Sciences, November 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy1357

The dimensions of the Moroccan position on the Gulf crisis 1990-1991

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Nazhan Hammoud Nassif Al Obeidi ◽  
Abdul Wahab Abdul Aziz Abu Khamra
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
New World ◽  
World Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
New World Order ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Gulf Crisis ◽  
The Subject

The Gulf crisis 1990-1991 is one of the important historical events of the 1990s, which gave rise to the new world order by the sovereignty of the United States of America on this system. The Gulf crisis was an embodiment to clarify the features of this system. .     The crisis in the Gulf was an opportunity for the Moroccans to manage this complex event and to use it for the benefit of the Moroccan situation. Therefore, the bilateral position of the crisis came out as a rejection, a contradiction and a supporter of political and economic dimensions at the external and internal levels. On the Moroccan situation, and from these points came the choice of the subject of the study (the dimensions of the Moroccan position from the Gulf crisis 1990-1991), which shows the ingenuity of Moroccans in managing an external crisis and benefiting from it internally.

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