scholarly journals Quantifying Alfalfa Yield Losses Caused by Foliar Diseases in Iowa, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Vermont

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Nutter ◽  
J. Guan ◽  
A. R. Gotlieb ◽  
L. H. Rhodes ◽  
C. R. Grau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Fungicide Treatment ◽  
Foliar Diseases ◽  
Significant Yield

Although foliar diseases of alfalfa occur throughout the United States wherever alfalfa is grown, little work has been done to quantify yield losses caused by foliar pathogens since the late 1980s. To quantify the yield losses caused by foliar diseases of alfalfa, field experiments were performed in Iowa, Ohio, Vermont, and Wisconsin from 1995 to 1998. Different fungicides and fungicide application frequencies were used to obtain different levels of foliar disease in alfalfa. Visual disease and remote sensing assessments were performed weekly to determine the relationships between disease assessments and alfalfa yield. Visual disease assessments of percentage of defoliation, disease incidence, and disease severity were performed weekly, approximately five to six times during each alfalfa growth cycle. Remote sensing assessments also were obtained weekly by measuring the percentage of sunlight reflected from alfalfa canopies using handheld, multispectral radiometers. Yield loss estimates were calculated as the yield difference between the fungicide treatment with the highest yield and the nonfungicide control, divided by the yield obtained from the highest yielding fungicide treatment × 100. Over the 4-year period, significant alfalfa yield losses (P ≤ 0.05) occurred on 22 of the 48 harvest dates for the four states. The average significant yield loss for the 22 harvests was 19.3%. Both visual and percentage of reflectance assessments were used as independent variables in linear regression models to quantify the relationships between assessments and alfalfa yield. From 1995 to 1998, visual disease assessments were performed for a total of 209 dates and remote sensing assessments were performed on 198 dates from the four states. Yield models were developed for each of these assessment dates. There were 26/209, 26/209, and 17/209 significant yield models based on percentage of defoliation, disease incidence, and disease severity, respectively. Most of the significant models were for disease assessments performed on or within 1 or 2 weeks of the date of alfalfa harvest. When the significant models were averaged, percentage of defoliation, disease incidence, and disease severity explained 51, 55, and 52% of the variation in alfalfa yield, respectively. There were a total of 68/198 significant alfalfa yield models based on remote sensing assessments, and the significant models (averaged) explained 62% of the variation in alfalfa yield. Alfalfa foliar diseases continue to have a significant negative impact on alfalfa yields in the United States and remote sensing appears to offer a better means to quantify the impact of foliar diseases on alfalfa yield compared with visual assessment methods.

scholarly journals Modeling the relationship between estimated fungicide use and disease-associated yield losses of soybean in the United States I: Foliar fungicides vs foliar diseases

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. e0234390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananda Y. Bandara ◽  
Dilooshi K. Weerasooriya ◽  
Shawn P. Conley ◽  
Carl A. Bradley ◽  
Tom W. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Foliar Diseases ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Soybean Yield Loss Estimates Due to Diseases in the United States and Ontario, Canada, from 2010 to 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom W. Allen ◽  
Carl A. Bradley ◽  
Adam J. Sisson ◽  
Emmanuel Byamukama ◽  
Martin I. Chilvers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Diseases

Annual decreases in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) yield caused by diseases were estimated by surveying university-affiliated plant pathologists in 28 soybean-producing states in the United States and in Ontario, Canada, from 2010 through 2014. Estimated yield losses from each disease varied greatly by state or province and year. Over the duration of this survey, soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) was estimated to have caused more than twice as much yield loss than any other disease. Seedling diseases (caused by various pathogens), charcoal rot (caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid), and sudden death syndrome (SDS) (caused by Fusarium virguliforme O’Donnell & T. Aoki) caused the next greatest estimated yield losses, in descending order. The estimated mean economic loss due to all soybean diseases, averaged across U.S. states and Ontario from 2010 to 2014, was $60.66 USD per acre. Results from this survey will provide scientists, breeders, governments, and educators with soybean yield-loss estimates to help inform and prioritize research, policy, and educational efforts in soybean pathology and disease management.

scholarly journals Integrated Management of Important Soybean Pathogens of the United States in Changing Climate

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell G Roth ◽  
Richard W Webster ◽  
Daren S Mueller ◽  
Martin I Chilvers ◽  
Travis R Faske ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Soybean Diseases ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a major crop grown in the United States but is susceptible to many diseases that cause significant yield losses each year. Consistent threats exist across both northern and southern production regions and include the soybean cyst nematode, charcoal rot, and seedling diseases. In contrast, significant soybean diseases like Phytophthora stem and root rot, sudden death syndrome, and Sclerotinia stem rot (white mold) are intermittent threats that can be heavily influenced by environmental factors. Additional threats to soybean production that have emerged in recent years as more common problems in soybean production include root-knot and reniform nematodes, frogeye leaf spot, and Diaporthe diseases. Disease in any crop will only occur when the three components of the disease triangle are present: a susceptible host, a virulent pathogen, and a conducive environment. If an environment is becoming more conducive for a particular disease, it is important that farmers and practitioners are prepared to manage the problem. The information in this review was compiled to help assist agriculturalists in being proactive in managing new soybean diseases that may be emerging in new areas. To do this, we provide: 1) an overview of the impact and disease cycle for major soybean diseases currently causing significant yield losses in the United States, 2) a comprehensive review of the current management strategies for each soybean disease, and 3) insights into the epidemiology of each pathogen, including the likelihood of outbreaks and expansion to additional geographic regions based on current trends in climate change.

Potential Corn Yield Losses from Weeds in North America

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 979-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
J. Anita Dille ◽  
Ian C. Burke ◽  
Wesley J. Everman ◽  
Mark J. VanGessel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Commodity Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Statistics Canada

Crop losses from weed interference have a significant effect on net returns for producers. Herein, potential corn yield loss because of weed interference across the primary corn-producing regions of the United States and Canada are documented. Yield-loss estimates were determined from comparative, quantitative observations of corn yields between nontreated and treatments providing greater than 95% weed control in studies conducted from 2007 to 2013. Researchers from each state and province provided data from replicated, small-plot studies from at least 3 and up to 10 individual comparisons per year, which were then averaged within a year, and then averaged over the seven years. The resulting percent yield-loss values were used to determine potential total corn yield loss in t ha−1 and bu acre−1 based on average corn yield for each state or province, as well as corn commodity price for each year as summarized by USDA-NASS (2014) and Statistics Canada (2015). Averaged across the seven years, weed interference in corn in the United States and Canada caused an average of 50% yield loss, which equates to a loss of 148 million tonnes of corn valued at over U.S.$26.7 billion annually.

scholarly journals An analysis of ozone damage to historical maize and soybean yields in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (46) ◽  
pp. 14390-14395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin M. McGrath ◽  
Amy M. Betzelberger ◽  
Shaowen Wang ◽  
Eric Shook ◽  
Xin-Guang Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Ground Level Ozone ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Actual Yield

Numerous controlled experiments find that elevated ground-level ozone concentrations ([O3]) damage crops and reduce yield. There have been no estimates of the actual yield losses in the field in the United States from [O3], even though such estimates would be valuable for projections of future food production and for cost–benefit analyses of reducing ground-level [O3]. Regression analysis of historical yield, climate, and [O3] data for the United States were used to determine the loss of production due to O3 for maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) from 1980 to 2011, showing that over that period production of rain-fed fields of soybean and maize were reduced by roughly 5% and 10%, respectively, costing approximately $9 billion annually. Maize, thought to be inherently resistant to O3, was at least as sensitive as soybean to O3 damage. Overcoming this yield loss with improved emission controls or more tolerant germplasm could substantially increase world food and feed supply at a time when a global yield jump is urgently needed.

scholarly journals Modeling the relationship between estimated foliar fungicide use and soybean yield losses due to foliar fungal diseases in the United States

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananda Y. Bandara ◽  
Dilooshi K. Weerasooriya ◽  
Shawn P. Conley ◽  
Carl A. Bradley ◽  
Tom W. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Phase ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Foliar Diseases ◽  
Quadratic Curve ◽  
Foliar Fungicide ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTFungicide use in the United States to manage soybean diseases has increased in recent years. The ability of fungicides to reduce disease-associated yield losses varies greatly depending on multiple factors. Nonetheless, historical data are useful to understand the broad sense and long-term trends related to fungicide use practices. In the current study, the relationship between estimated soybean yield losses due to selected foliar diseases and foliar fungicide use was investigated using annual data from 28 soybean growing states over the period of 2005 to 2015. At a national scale, a significant quadratic relationship was observed between total estimated yield losses and total fungicide use (R2 = 0.123, P < 0.0001) where yield losses initially increased, reached a plateau, and subsequently decreased with increasing fungicide use. The positive phase of the quadratic curve could be associated with insufficient amount of fungicides being used to manage targeted diseases, application of more-than-recommended prophylactic fungicides under no/low disease pressure, application of curative fungicides after economic injury level, and reduced fungicide efficacy due to a variety of factors such as unfavorable environmental conditions and resistance of targeted pathogen populations to the specific active ingredient applied. Interestingly, a significant quadratic relationship was also observed between total soybean production and total foliar fungicide use (R2= 0.36, P < 0.0001). The positive phase of the quadratic curve may suggest that factors like plant physiological changes, including increased chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rates, water use efficiency, and delayed senescence that have been widely reported to occur after application of certain foliar fungicides could have potentially contributed to enhanced yield. Therefore, the current study provides evidence of the potential usefulness of foliar fungicide applications to mitigate soybean yield losses associated with foliar diseases and their potential to positively impact soybean production/yield at national and regional scales although discrepancies to the general trends observed at national and regional scales do prevail at the local (state) level.

scholarly journals Incidence, yield losses and symptomatology of sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) incited by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Irfan Khan ◽  
Pokhar Rawal ◽  
Roop Singh
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Mustard Crop ◽  
White Mycelium ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Minimum Yield

SSR hamper successful cultivation and causes significant yield losses globally including India. The SSR disease incidence ranged from 3.59 to 18.50 per cent in mustard growing areas of Rajasthan and Bharatpur district having the highest (18.50%) disease incidence. However, the Udaipur district had the lowest (3.59%) disease outbreak. SSR was responsible to cause 18.80 per cent overall yield losses in two consecutive years (Rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18). Highest yield loss (43.82%) was observed from Bharatpur district while minimum yield loss (3.51%) had recorded from Udaipur district. Characteristics symptoms, formation of white mycelium on host stem and development of sclerotia on/inside the stem, of SSR on mustard crop were noted during survey.

scholarly journals Aggressiveness to Pumpkin Cultivars of Isolates of Phytophthora capsici from Pumpkin and Pepper

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung Kook Lee ◽  
Beom Seok Kim ◽  
Seog Won Chang ◽  
Byung Kook Hwang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
The United States ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Cultivar Resistance ◽  
Inoculation Methods

Nine isolates of Phytophthora capsici obtained from pumpkin and pepper in diverse geographic areas, including Korea, France, Italy, and the United States, were evaluated for their ability to cause disease on nine Korean and Japanese pumpkin cultivars under controlled environmental conditions. No hypersensitive type of resistance was observed in any of the pumpkin cultivars inoculated with P. capsici. Disease incidence ranged from low to high, indicating varying levels of partial (quantitative) resistance. In addition, a significant cultivar-isolate interaction was observed, indicating that host specialization was present in some cultivars. Disease severity increased with inoculum density of P. capsici. The Korean cultivar Danmatmaetdol was highly resistant to the P. capsici isolates tested, suggesting that economic levels of resistance exist in pumpkin. The pumpkin isolates from all locations caused more disease than the pepper isolates to all the pumpkin cultivars tested. Soil-drench and stem-wound inoculation methods were more reliable than a foliar-inoculation method for evaluating pumpkin cultivar resistance.

scholarly journals Effect of Fungicide and Timing of Application on Soybean Rust Severity and Yield

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Mueller ◽  
M. R. Miles ◽  
W. Morel ◽  
J. J. Marois ◽  
D. L. Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Treatment Timing ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Rust Severity

Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is a devastating foliar disease of soybean that may cause significant yield losses if not managed by well-timed fungicide applications. To determine the effect of fungicide timing on soybean rust severity and soybean yield, field trials were completed in Paraguay (four locations), the United States (two locations), and Zimbabwe (one location) from 2005 to 2006. Treatments at each location included applications of tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin, or a combination of azoxystrobin + propiconazole, and in some locations pyraclostrobin + tebuconazole at the following soybean growth stages (GS): (i) GS R1 (beginning flowering), (ii) GS R3 (beginning pod), (iii) GS R5 (beginning seed), (iv) GS R1 + R3, (v) GS R3 + R5, and (vi) GS R1 + R3 + R5. Soybean yields from plots treated with fungicides were 16 to 114% greater than yields from no fungicide control plots in four locations in Paraguay, 12 to 55% greater in two locations in the United States, and 31% greater in Zimbabwe. In all locations, rust severity measured over time as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was negatively correlated (r = –0.3, P < 0.0001) to yield. The effectiveness of any given treatment (timing of application and product applied) was often dependent on when rust was first detected and the intensity of its development. For example, when soybean rust was first observed before GS R3 (two locations in Paraguay), the plants in plots treated with a fungicide at GS R1 had the lowest AUPDC values and highest yields. When soybean rust was first observed after GS R3, plants treated with a fungicide at GS R3 and/or GS R5 had the lowest AUDPC values and highest yields with a few exceptions.

Potential Yield Loss in Dry Bean Crops Due to Weeds in the United States and Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
J. Anita Dille ◽  
Robert H. Gulden ◽  
Christy L. Sprague ◽  
Richard K. Zollinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Bean Yield

AbstractEarlier reports have summarized crop yield losses throughout various North American regions if weeds were left uncontrolled. Offered here is a report from the current WSSA Weed Loss Committee on potential yield losses due to weeds based on data collected from various regions of the United States and Canada. Dry bean yield loss estimates were made by comparing dry bean yield in the weedy control with plots that had >95% weed control from research studies conducted in dry bean growing regions of the United States and Canada over a 10-year period (2007 to 2016). Results from these field studies showed that dry bean growers in Idaho, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Ontario, and Manitoba would potentially lose an average of 50%, 31%, 36%, 59%, 94%, 31%, 71%, 56%, and 71% of their dry bean yield, respectively. This equates to a monetary loss of US $36, 40, 6, 56, 421, 2, 18, 44, and 44 million, respectively, if the best agronomic practices are used without any weed management tactics. Based on 2016 census data, at an average yield loss of 71.4% for North America due to uncontrolled weeds, dry bean production in the United States and Canada would be reduced by 941,000,000 and 184,000,000 kg, valued at approximately US $622 and US $100 million, respectively. This study documents the dramatic yield and monetary losses in dry beans due to weed interference and the importance of continued funding for weed management research to minimize dry bean yield losses.

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