scholarly journals Differential Response of Selected Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Genotypes to Mechanical Inoculation by Tomato spotted wilt virus

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 939-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Mandal ◽  
H. R. Pappu ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
C. C. Holbrook ◽  
D. W. Gorbet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Germ Plasm ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Mechanical Inoculation ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Wilt Virus

Screening of peanut germ plasm for resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has been largely inefficient due to the lack of a screening technique based on mechanical transmission of the virus under controlled environmental conditions. We have studied the reaction of three peanut cultivars (Georgia Green, Georgia Runner, C-99R) and one breeding line (C11-2-39) using a highly efficient mechanical inoculation procedure. The disease response was studied at two temperature regimes, 25 to 30°C (low temperature) and 30 to 37°C (high temperature). Based on percent transmission, symptomatology, distribution of TSWV, and relative levels of TSWV nucleocapsid (N) protein, Georgia Runner and Georgia Green were found to be susceptible, whereas C-99R and C11-2-39 were resistant. Of the four genotypes tested, C11-2-39 had the highest level of resistance to TSWV. The results correlated with the field performance of the genotypes except in the case of Georgia Green, which could not be distinguished from TSWV-susceptible Georgia Runner. Exposure of the inoculated plants to higher temperature (30 to 37°C) resulted in a better resistant response as reflected by reduced systemic infection, localized symptom expression, restricted viral movement, and reduced levels of TSWV antigen. To our knowledge, this is the first report of differential response of peanut genotypes to TSWV using mechanical inoculation. The four peanut genotypes should be useful as reference standards for the initial screening and identification of sources of TSWV resistance in peanut germ plasm.

Specificity of accumulation and transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in two genera, Frankliniella and Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 501-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Inoue ◽  
T. Sakurai ◽  
T. Murai ◽  
T. Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Leaf Disc ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Wilt Virus ◽  
Elisa Titre

AbstractThe accumulation and transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was examined in second instar larvae and adults of two thrips genera, Frankliniella and Thrips. The species tested were F. occidentalis (Pergande), F. intonsa (Trybom), T. tabaciLindeman, T. setosus Moulton, T. palmi Karny and T. hawaiiensis (Morgan). In a standard petunia leaf disc assay, the efficiencies of TSWV transmission by two species of Frankliniella were higher than those of any Thrips species in the adult stage. A triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) showed that large amounts of the TSWV-nucleocapsid (N) protein were present in the ELISA-positive larvae of each species, with the exception of T. palmi. The ELISA titre of and the proportion of virus-infected individuals of the two Frankliniella species increased or did not significantly change from the larval to the adult stages, whereas those of the four Thrips species decreased significantly. These results show that the specificity of virus transmission by adult thrips is probably affected by the amount of viral N protein accumulation in the adults and that the accumulation pattern from the larval to the adult stages is in between the two genera tested in the present study.

scholarly journals First Report of Tomato spotted wilt virus on Soybean in Iran

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 1290-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Golnaraghi ◽  
N. Shahraeen ◽  
R. Pourrahim ◽  
Sh. Ghorbani ◽  
Sh. Farzadfar
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mechanical Inoculation ◽  
First Report ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Soybean Leaves ◽  
Wilt Virus

During the summers of 1999 and 2000, 3,110 soybean (Glycine max) leaf samples were randomly collected from soybean fields in the Ardebil, Goletan, Khuzestan, Lorestan, and Mazandaran provinces of Iran. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was detected in leaf samples by TSWV-specific polyclonal antibody (As-0526 and As-0580, DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany) in double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). Mechanical inoculation of 26 plant species (10 plants per species) and cultivars with extracts of positive leaf samples produced necrotic local lesions in Beta vulgaris, Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, Gomphrena globosa, Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Talash, Vicia faba, and Vigna unguiculata cv. Mashad; produced systemic chlorosis followed by necrosis in Datura stramonium, D. metel, Nicotiana rustica, N. tabacum cv. Samsun, N. glutinosa, N. bentamiana, and Glycine max cv. Hill; and produced chlorosis, stunting, and bud necrosis in Arachis hypogaea (peanut). Plants developing these symptoms following mechanical inoculation with extracts from original soybean leaves were positive in ELISA for TSWV. ELISA results indicate that the overall incidence of TSWV on soybean in the five provinces was 5.4%. TSWV has been reported in potato (2) and tomato (1) from Iran, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of TSWV on soybean in Iran. References: (1) K. Bananej et al. Iran. J. Plant Pathol. 34:30, 1998. (2) R. Pourrahim et al. Plant Dis. 85:442, 2001.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF LYCOPERSICON GERMPLASM COLLECTION FOR RESISTANCE TO TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1077b-1077
Author(s):  
S.J. Scott ◽  
M. Stevens ◽  
R.C. Gergerich
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Lycopersicon Species ◽  
Wilt Virus

Seedlings of eight accessions of L. hirsutum and susceptible L. esculentum `VF Pink' controls were spray inoculated twice in the greenhouse with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Arkansas 85-9. Plants lacking symptoms were reinoculated, then evaluated for TSWV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Controls were consistently infected; sixty noninfected L. hirsutum were propagated by cuttings and inoculated with TSWV isolates T2 (lettuce), G-87 (gloxinia), 87-34 (tomato) and a mixture of the four isolates. All selections became infected in at least one test, but systemic infection was often delayed. Additional wild Lycopersicon species and numbers of accessions evaluated for resistance to TSWV include L. cheesmanii (9), L. chmielewskii (17), L. hirsutum (24), L. hirsutum f. glabratum (17), L. parviflorum (4) and L. pennellii (44). No new sources of strong resistance have been identified yet. Evaluation of additional species and accessions is continuing.

Transmission of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus to Tomato Plants of Different Ages

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Chaisuekul ◽  
D. G. Riley ◽  
H. R. Pappu
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Wilt Virus ◽  
Transmission Test ◽  
Mechanical Transmissions

Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and mechanical transmissions of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cv. ‘Sunny Hybrid’) were investigated relative to plant age at the time of inoculation. In 1999, thrips and mechanical transmissions were compared between plants at 7, 14 and 28 d after germination under field exclusion cages. In 2000, thrips transmission was evaluated in plants at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 d after germination, and mechanical transmission was evaluated in plants at 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 d after germination. Subsamples of thrips from flowers of TSWV-infected tomato used in 1999 transmission consisted of 59% Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), 34% F. tricici (Fitch), and subsamples of thrips collected from onion used in 2000 transmission consisted of 78% F. occidentalis and 19% F. fusca (Hinds). There was significant yield reduction resulting from early transmission of TSWV in the mechanical transmission test in 2000 (P= 0.008), but not in thrips transmission test in 2000 (P= 0.62). A reduction in the percent of TSWV-damaged fruit in late transmission was significant in the thrips transmission test (P = 0.04) but not in the mechanical transmission test (P= 0.25) in 2000. Lag time from virus transmission to symptom development or to a positive ELISA test was highly correlated to TSWV damaged fruit (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively) in the mechanical transmission test in 2000. The lag time of a positive ELISA in the thrips transmission test in 2000 correlated with the percentage of TSWV-damaged fruit (P = 0.009). In summary, early infection of TSWV to tomato plants resulted in lower yield and a higher percentage of TSWV-damaged fruits than late infection.

scholarly journals Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Resistance in Chrysanthemum Expressing the Viral Nucleocapsid Gene

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Sherman ◽  
James W. Moyer ◽  
Margaret E. Daub
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Full Length ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Gene Transcript ◽  
Nucleocapsid Gene ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Insertion Sites ◽  
Wilt Virus

Three tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) nucleocapsid (N) gene constructs were employed for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) cv. Polaris. These constructs contained either a full-length N gene (pTSWVN+), a full-length N gene encoding a truncated N protein (pTSWVNt), or an antisense version of the full-length N gene (pTSWVN-), all derived from a dahlia isolate of TSWV (TSWV-D). Initial resistance screens were conducted on cuttings made from 152 pTSWVN+, 37 pTSWVNt, and 47 pTSWVN- transformed plants employing a highly virulent, heterologous strain of TSWV (TSWV-GB) isolated from chrysanthemum and vectored by thrips. This screening served to eliminate the majority of TSWV-susceptible transgenic lines. More rigorous resistance tests with three rounds of mechanical inoculation with TSWV-GB identified one pTSWVNt and two pTSWVN- transformed lines that exhibited a total lack of systemic symptoms and no virus accumulation. Six other lines, including some pTSWVN+, exhibited a lack of one or more of the destructive necrotic TSWV symptoms (stem canker and apical bud death) and a delay in symptom expression. Both sense and antisense constructs, therefore, were found to be effective at yielding TSWV resistance in chrysanthemum. Molecular analysis revealed that the highly TSWV-resistant pTSWVNt line had no detectable levels of N protein. All three resistant lines had low levels of N gene transcript and at least three transgene insertion sites within their genomes, although susceptible lines often had a similar number of insertion sites. The generation of Polaris lines resistant to TSWV transmitted either mechanically or by thrips represents the first time a major ornamental crop has been genetically engineered for disease resistance.

scholarly journals Replication of Tomato spotted wilt virus After Ingestion by Adult Thrips setosus is Restricted to Midgut Epithelial Cells

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1149-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ohnishi ◽  
Leandra M. Knight ◽  
Daijirou Hosokawa ◽  
Ichiro Fujisawa ◽  
Shinya Tsuda
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Wilt Virus

If acquisition access feeding (AAF) is first given after adult eclosion, none of the nine thrips species able to serve as tospovirus vectors can become infective. The previous cellular investigations of this phenomenon, carried out only in Frankliniella occidentalis, suggested that infectivity was prevented because the type member of the tospoviruses, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), was unable to enter the midgut of adult thrips. The present study extends a cellular view of tospovirus—thrips interactions to a species other than the western flower thrips, F. occidentalis. Our findings show that TSWV enters and replicates within the midgut of adult Thrips setosus, but does not infect cells beyond the midgut epithelia. After AAF as adult, TSWV replicated in T. setosus midgut cells as indicated by significant increases in nucleocapsid (N) protein detected by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the presence of inclusions containing the S RNA-encoded nonstructural and N proteins revealed by microscopic observations. Electron microscopic observations of adult insects showed that no infection occurred in cells beyond the midgut epithelia, and insects subsampled from the same cohorts could not transmit TSWV. In contrast, electron microscopy observations of larval T. setosus revealed that TSWV infected the midgut and muscle cells, and adult insects developing from these cohorts had infected salivary glands and were able to transmit TSWV. Mature virions were observed only in the salivary glands of adults developing from infected larvae. Our findings suggest that the barrier to infectivity in T. setosus adults differs from that shown for F. occidentalis adults.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Mechanical Transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus to Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 1259-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Mandal ◽  
H. R. Pappu ◽  
A. K. Culbreath
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Transmission Protocol ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Wilt Virus ◽  
Different Sources

Evaluation of peanut germ plasm for Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) resistance has been slowed by the difficulty in achieving a high rate of mechanical transmission of the virus to peanut. In this study, improvements were made and a highly efficient mechanical transmission protocol was developed. Several factors that affect the transmission efficiency were identified. Use of two antioxidants (sodium sulfite and mercaptoethanol) and two abrasives (Celite and Carborundum) and application of the inoculum by rubbing with a cotton swab dipped in the inoculum as well as pricking with an inoculation needle resulted in a significantly higher transmission rate. The most susceptible growth stage of peanut to TSWV inoculation was 2 to 3 days after germination (6 to 7 days after planting). The inoculation protocol consistently resulted in a higher percentage of infected plants from different sources of inoculum such as infected peanut, tobacco, and tomato.

scholarly journals Biological and Molecular Analyses of the Acibenzolar-S-Methyl-Induced Systemic Acquired Resistance in Flue-Cured Tobacco Against Tomato spotted wilt virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Mandal ◽  
S. Mandal ◽  
A. S. Csinos ◽  
N. Martinez ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Challenge Inoculation ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
High Level ◽  
Wilt Virus

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an economically important virus of flue-cured tobacco. Activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) by acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) in flue-cured tobacco was studied under greenhouse conditions by challenge inoculation with a severe isolate of TSWV. ASM restricted virus replication and movement, and as a result reduced systemic infection. Activation of resistance was observed within 2 days after treatment with ASM and a high level of resistance was observed at 5 days onward. Expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) protein gene, PR-3, and different classes of PR proteins such as PR-1, PR-3, and PR-5 were detected at 2 days post-ASM treatment which inversely correlated with the reduction in the number of local lesions caused by TSWV. Tobacco plants treated with increased quantities of ASM (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 g a.i./7,000 plants) showed increased levels of SAR as indicated by the reduction of both local and systemic infections by TSWV. The highest level of resistance was at 4 g a.i., but this rate of ASM also caused phytotoxicity resulting in temporary foliar spotting and stunting of plants. An inverse correlation between the TSWV reduction and phytotoxicity was observed with the increase of ASM concentration. ASM at the rate of 1 to 2 g a.i./7,000 plants activated a high level of resistance and minimized the phytotoxicity. Use of gibberellic acid in combination with ASM reduced the stunting caused by ASM. Present findings together with previous field experiments demonstrate that ASM is a potential option for management of TSWV in flue-cured tobacco.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document