scholarly journals Effective downy mildew management in basil using resistant varieties, environment modifications, and fungicides

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaimin S Patel ◽  
Andy Wyenandt ◽  
Margaret Tuttle McGrath
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen ◽  
Limited Testing ◽  
Made In

Considerable progress has been made in managing Peronospora belbahrii, an oomycete pathogen that causes basil downy mildew, since 2007, when it was first detected in the United States (U.S.). Conventional fungicides have been registered and shown effective against P. belbahrii in replicated experiments in recent years. Unfortunately, because of their specific modes of action and P. belbahrii biology, some are at risk for resistance development which has been documented outside the U.S. Sweet basil varieties have been developed and commercialized, with most exhibiting good to high levels of resistance to basil downy mildew. Knowledge about conditions favorable for infection and disease development has resulted in the identification of cultural practices for managing basil downy mildew in the greenhouse. Practices being implemented include fans to move leaves, thus preventing water deposition and decreasing relative humidity, lighting at night to mitigate sporulation, and temperature modification to suppress disease development. While downy mildew can be more effectively managed today, growers still experience losses, particularly when conditions are highly favorable for disease development. None of the organic fungicides or programs tested have provided adequate control for susceptible varieties; and limited testing has been done on resistant varieties to date. This review aims to summarize effective basil downy mildew management tools, in particular downy mildew-resistant varieties, environment modifications, and fungicide applications.

scholarly journals Effect of Plant Age and Acibenzolar-S-methyl on Development of Downy Mildew of Basil

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1392-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaimin S. Patel ◽  
Shouan Zhang ◽  
Maria I. Costa de Novaes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Culinary Herb

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) is an important annual culinary herb grown in the United States. Recently, basil production was drastically affected by downy mildew caused by Peronospora belbahrii, a recently discovered foliar disease of basil in Homestead, FL. The disease has spread to more than 30 states in the United States causing significant losses to basil growers. As a result of the recent emergence of the disease, limited management tools are available for control of downy mildew, and it is critical for growers to apply management measures at appropriate times. This study was designed to evaluate 2- to 7-week-old basil plants for their susceptibility to downy mildew. Another objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of a pre-inoculation application of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) for control of downy mildew. The results suggested that 2- to 3-week-old basil was more susceptible to downy mildew than 4- to 7-week-old plants. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was smaller for 5- to 7-week-old ASM-treated basil plants than for 2- to 4-week-old ASM-treated basil plants. This study indicated that 2- to 3-week-old basil plants need to be protected, and ASM should be applied before pathogen infection on 5- to 7-week-old plants to reduce downy mildew to a greater extent.

scholarly journals Morphological Characteristics and Susceptibility of Basil Species and Cultivars to Peronospora belbahrii

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 1389-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Homa ◽  
William P. Barney ◽  
Daniel L. Ward ◽  
Christian A. Wyenandt ◽  
James E. Simon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen ◽  
Stomatal Length

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) is the most economically important culinary herb in the United States. In 2007, a new disease, basil downy mildew (BDM), caused by the oomycete pathogen Peronospora belbahrii, was introduced into the United States and has since caused significant losses in commercial basil production. Although no commercial sweet basils available are resistant to P. belbahrii, other species of Ocimum have exhibited potential tolerance, resistance, or both. The objectives of this work were to determine if leaf morphological characteristics including stomata density and leaf curvature correlated with infection of plants by P. belbahrii, and thus could be used as selected characters in plant breeding. In 2011, 20 Ocimum cultivars including sweet (O. basilicum), cinnamon (O. basilicum), clove (O. basilicum), citrus (Ocimum ×africanum syn. Ocimum citriodorum), spice (Ocimum americanum syn. Ocimum canum), and holy basils (Ocimum tenuiflorum syn. Ocimum sanctum) were evaluated for susceptibility to downy mildew. Sweet basils were determined to be the most susceptible; cinnamon, clove, and Thai types were moderately susceptible; and citrus, spice, and holy types were least susceptible to downy mildew. Using those same 20 Ocimum species and cultivars, stomata length and density and leaf curvature were measured and correlated with downy mildew incidence and severity. In general, basil species with higher stomatal densities had higher downy mildew incidence and severity. High stomatal densities were mainly found in the sweet, cinnamon, and clove basils. Citrus and spice species with longer stomatal lengths generally exhibited lower downy mildew incidence. Holy basil, the least susceptible of all Ocimum sp. to P. belbahrii evaluated in this study, had the greatest stomatal density and shortest stomatal length. Some sweet basil cultivars with the highest downy mildew incidence also had the greatest downward leaf curvature, whereas other sweet basil cultivars with moderate downy mildew incidence had leaves that were nearly flat or curved upward. Holy, citrus, and spice basils with low downy mildew incidence had leaves that were nearly flat or curved upward. This study suggests that leaf curvature and stomatal density and length affect downy mildew development and sporulation. Considerations of these leaf morphological characteristics may be useful phenotypic traits in breeding for downy mildew resistance in Ocimum.

Prevalence and Incidence of Sunflower Downy Mildew in North Dakota Between 2001 and 2011

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Gulya ◽  
Hans Kandel ◽  
Marcia McMullen ◽  
Janet Knodel ◽  
Duane Berglund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Or Management ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Sunflower Crop ◽  
Disease Pressure

Sunflower downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara halstedii, can be an economic problem in North Dakota, where approximately half of the United States sunflower crop is grown. Prevalence and incidence of downy mildew in North Dakota was assessed in mid-season and late-season surveys annually from 2001 to 2011. In aggregate, 2,772 fields were evaluated. Downy mildew levels fluctuated annually, and no clear connection between statewide rainfall or management tools available to growers could be made. Surveys at mid season enabled a two-fold higher detection in prevalence and incidence of downy mildew than in late-season surveys due to the disappearance of early infected plants by end of season. Both surveys identified years with relatively higher levels of downy mildew but were inconsistent when lower levels of the pathogen were recorded. The results of this study suggest that mid-season assessment of downy mildew more accurately estimates disease pressure than late-season assessment. Accepted for publication 3 February 2013. Published 22 May 2013.

scholarly journals Downy Mildew Disease Progress in Resistant and Susceptible Cucumbers Tested in the Field at Different Growth Stages

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 984-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle M. VandenLangenberg ◽  
Todd C. Wehner
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Indeterminate Growth ◽  
Indeterminate Growth Habit ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen ◽  
Plant Maturity ◽  
Susceptible Control

Downy mildew, caused by the oomycete pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berkeley & Curtis) Rostov, is a major foliar disease of cucumber. Ten years after the reemergence of P. cubensis, downy mildew continues to be a major threat to cucumber production in the United States. Cucumber accessions with high levels of resistance have been identified. Development of cultivars with high levels of resistance remains an important objective of cucumber breeding programs. We tested a set of cucumber cultigens, including highly resistant PI accessions and susceptible control lines, to observe the effect of plant age on resistance. Cultigens responded differently to disease across plant developmental stages. In general, older plants had more disease symptoms, even those classified as resistant, such as PI 197088. However, PI 330628 and PI 605996 held their resistance even at late developmental stages. It is possible that these lines were resistant at late stages due to other factors, such as their rapid, indeterminate growth, that allows them to outgrow the disease. However, although PI 197088 appears to have a rapid, indeterminate growth habit, it did not have more resistance at later stages of plant maturity. Regardless of the mechanism involved, plant breeders should use the genetic resistance in PI 330628 and PI 605996 over PI 197088.

A Note On Consumption Patterns in the Rural Areas of East Pakistan

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-413
Author(s):  
Mohammad Irshad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Limited Applicability ◽  
Made In

The main purpose of this paper is to present estimates of income elasticities for various commodity groups in East Pakistan. To date no such studies have been conducted in that province; and estimates made in other areas of the subcontinent have only limited applicability. Analysis of consumption patterns is essential for development planning because priorities and investment targets have to be based on demand forecasts for different commodities. Forecasting demand requires, among other variables, reliable estimates of income elasticities. In addition, knowledge about elasticities can be useful in deciding taxation policies and other controls over consumption. Further, in countries like Pakistan where large quantities of surplus foods are imported under the United States PL 480 programme, knowledge of income elasticities and regional patterns of consumption is important to permit effective utilization of these imports for economic development.

Regulating Medical Devices in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia J. Zettler ◽  
Erika Lietzan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medical Device ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Medical Technologies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Medical Device Regulation

This chapter assesses the regulation of medical devices in the United States. The goal of the US regulatory framework governing medical devices is the same as the goal of the framework governing medicines. US law aims to ensure that medical devices are safe and effective for their intended uses; that they become available for patients promptly; and that manufacturers provide truthful, non-misleading, and complete information about the products. US medical device law is different from US medicines law in many ways, however, perhaps most notably because most marketed devices do not require pre-market approval. The chapter explores how the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) seeks to accomplish its mission with respect to medical devicecough its implementation of its medical device authorities. It starts by explaining what constitutes a medical device and how the FDA classifies medical devices by risk level. The chapter then discusses how medical devices reach the market, the FDA's risk management tools, and the rules and incentives for innovation and competition. It concludes by exploring case studies of innovative medical technologies that challenge the traditional US regulatory scheme to consider the future of medical device regulation.

(Re)Made in America: Survivorship after the Shoah

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-44
Author(s):  
Alyson Cole
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moral Authority ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Rape Victims ◽  
The Third ◽  
United States Today ◽  
Negative Attributes ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Welfare State

Until the l970s, ‘survivor’ referred predominantly to individuals who outlived others in the aftermath of disaster, or stood to inherit the remains of an estate; it was not imbued with evaluative connotations. In the United States today, however, survivorship abounds with positive meanings. This transvaluation rests on three intersecting trajectories that together transformed survivorship from denoting that one sustained or was spared a hardship to signifying a superior social status. The first trajectory follows the aftermath of the Shoah, when survivors acquired moral authority as victims of and public witnesses to a new violation, ‘crimes against humanity’. The second tracks the stigmatization of the term ‘victim’ in American public discourse. A consequence of struggles over the welfare state and other progressive policies, victimhood is now associated less with specific harms or injuries, and more with the supposed negative attributes of the victim herself. The third traces how survivorship became integral to the recuperative strategies of new therapeutic disciplines addressing the traumatized – from war veterans and rape victims to cancer patients. These three processes coalesced to create and legitimize a hierarchical opposition between ‘victims’ and ‘survivors’, transforming these terms into political categories and emblems of personal and group identity. In this essay, I argue that the victim/survivor binary constitutes one juncture where neoliberalism converges with Trump-era populism.

scholarly journals The Anti-Jewish Narrative

Philosophia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Cofnas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Jewish Identity ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Recent History ◽  
High Intelligence ◽  
Liberal Multiculturalism ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
Intellectual Movements

AbstractAccording to the mainstream narrative about race, all groups have the same innate dispositions and potential, and all disparities—at least those favoring whites—are due to past or present racism. Some people who reject this narrative gravitate toward an alternative, anti-Jewish narrative, which sees recent history in terms of a Jewish/gentile conflict. The most sophisticated promoter of the anti-Jewish narrative is the evolutionary psychologist Kevin MacDonald. MacDonald argues that Jews have a suite of genetic adaptations—including high intelligence and ethnocentrism—and cultural practices that lead them to undermine gentile society to advance their own evolutionary interests. He says that Jewish-designed intellectual movements have weakened gentile identity and culture while preserving Jewish identity and separatism. Cofnas recently argued that MacDonald’s theory is based on “systematically misrepresented sources and cherry-picked facts.” However, Cofnas gave short shrift to at least three key claims: (a) Jews are highly ethnocentric, (b) liberal Jews hypocritically advocate liberal multiculturalism for gentiles/gentile countries but racial purity and separatism for Jews/Israel, and (c) Jews are responsible for liberalism and mass immigration to the United States. The present paper examines these claims and concludes that MacDonald’s views are not supported.

scholarly journals Microscopy for Children

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-53
Author(s):  
Caroline Schooley
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Educational Materials ◽  
Real Science ◽  
Curriculum Research ◽  
Early Decision ◽  
National Reputation ◽  
Science Educators ◽  
The University ◽  
Lawrence Hall Of Science ◽  
Made In

Precollege science education in the United States is not what it could, and should, be. Major changes are being made in the way science is taught, but delivering those changes to thousands of schools is an enormous task. Scientific societies are a major resource; they can organize and train member-volunteers to help teachers bring “real” science to the classroom. The Microscopy Society of America has become part of the effort with Project MICRO (Microscopy In Curriculum - Research Outreach). MICRO is putting MSA members, teaching materials, and microscopes in middle school classrooms nationwide. The idea began in 1993, but it has taken a lot of time and effort to implement.MSA's early decision to collaborate with experienced science educators at the Lawrence Hall of Science of the University of California at Berkeley was a wise one; their educational materials have a well-earned national reputation for excellence.

Converging cultures of communication: A comparative study of Internet use in China, Europe, and the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1751-1772
Author(s):  
Jacob Ørmen ◽  
Rasmus Helles ◽  
Klaus Bruhn Jensen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Shared Reality ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Media Systems

Global Internet use is circumscribed by local political and economic institutions and inscribed in distinctive cultural practices. This article presents a comparative study of Internet use in China, the United States, and five European countries. The empirical findings suggest a convergence of cultures, specifically regarding interpersonal communication, alongside characteristic national and sociodemographic configurations of different prototypes of human communication. Drawing on the classic understanding of communication as a cultural process producing, maintaining, repairing, and transforming a shared reality, we interpret such configurations as cultures of communication, which can be seen to differ, overlap, and converge across regions in distinctive ways. Looking beyond traditional media systems, we call for further cross-cultural research on the Internet as a generic communication system joining global and local forms of interaction.

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