Temperature Declines During Storms and Irrigation May Contribute to Fire Blight Infection of Pear Fruit

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
David A. Rosenberger ◽  
Keri L. VanCamp
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
New York State ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Rapid Cooling ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Overhead Irrigation

During summer of 2002, fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora appeared in immature pears (Pyrus communis) in five Ulster County pear orchards in southeastern New York State. Foliar symptoms of fire blight were absent or infrequent in many trees that had infected fruit, suggesting that fruit infections occurred after shoots had stopped growing and were no longer susceptible to infection. In one orchard where overhead irrigation was initiated on 23 July when air temperatures were 96°F, incidence of fruit infection in September ranged from 10 to 76% with a mean of 36% of all fruit showing fire blight symptoms. Laboratory experiments showed that non-wounded fruit preheated to 95°F and then submerged in inoculum suspensions at 70°F or 40°F developed fire blight infections whereas similar fruit preheated at 70°F and immersed in 70°F-inoculum did not develop infections. Overhead irrigation initiated during the heat of the day can disperse inoculum at the same time that rapid cooling from irrigation water may cause E. amylovora to be drawn into immature pear fruit. The same combination of water-disseminated inoculum and rapid cooling can occur during summer thunderstorms, and storm events may explain the unusual incidence of fire blight on immature pears that was observed in 2002. Accepted for publication 29 January 2003. Published 10 March 2003.

scholarly journals Management of Fire Blight Using Pre-bloom Application of Prohexadione-Calcium

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 1048-1054
Author(s):  
Anna E. Wallis ◽  
Kerik D. Cox
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
New York State ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Cortical Parenchyma ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Fire blight, a bacterial disease of rosaceous plants caused by Erwinia amylovora, is one of the most important diseases affecting commercial apple production worldwide. Antibiotics, applied at bloom to protect against blossom infection, are the most effective means of management but raise concern due to the potential for antibiotic resistance in both the pathogen population and nontarget organisms. In addition, most fire blight outbreaks in New York State often emerge in late June to July as shoot blight, calling into question the role of blossom infections and the antibiotic applications made to manage them. Prohexadione-calcium (PhCa) is a gibberellic acid inhibitor used post-bloom to control shoot vigor and to manage shoot blight. However, the magnitude of shoot blight management is directly related to the suppression of shoot growth, which is undesirable, especially in young orchards during establishment years. PhCa is believed to control shoot blight by thickening cell walls in cortical parenchyma, preventing invasion of host tissues by E. amylovora. We hypothesize that PhCa applied pre-bloom could similarly prevent invasion of blossom pedicels following infection, leading to reduced disease incidence. We evaluated novel pre-bloom PhCa programs for their effects on disease management (blossom and shoot blight) as well as their impact on shoot growth for three years in a mature ‘Gala’ orchard in New York. In all three years of the study, all PhCa programs resulted in less than 27% incidence (71% control) of blossom blight and less than 13% incidence (77% control) of shoot blight with minimal effect on tree growth. Inclusion of a biopesticide during bloom further reduced the incidence of blossom blight in one year of three. Using light microscopy, we found that cell walls in the cortical parenchyma of fruitlet pedicels on trees receiving pre-bloom PhCa applications were significantly thicker than those of untreated trees 40 days after full bloom and inoculation. Overall, we found that pre-bloom applications of PhCa had utility in reducing blossom blight and shoot blight with minimal impacts on tree growth. These pre-bloom programs would fit with standard production practices and may contribute toward the development of fire blight management programs without the use of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Isolation of Streptomycin-Resistant Isolates of Erwinia amylovora in New York

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 714-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole L. Russo ◽  
Thomas J. Burr ◽  
Deborah I. Breth ◽  
Herb S. Aldwinckle
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
New York State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Streptomycin Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Wayne County ◽  
Unintentional Movement ◽  
Growing Region

Streptomycin is currently the only antibiotic registered for the control of fire blight, a devastating disease of apple (Malus), pear (Pyrus), and other rosaceous plants caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora. Resistance of E. amylovora to streptomycin was first identified in California pear orchards in 1971 and is currently endemic in many parts of the United States. The Northeast remains the only major U.S. apple-growing region without streptomycin-resistant isolates of E. amylovora. In 2002, during a routine survey for streptomycin resistance, isolates from two neighboring orchards in Wayne County, NY were found to be highly resistant to streptomycin at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. This constitutes the first authenticated report of streptomycin resistance in New York State. Infected trees were shipped at the same time from a single nursery in Michigan. Resistance was caused by the acquisition of the strA-strB gene pair, inserted into the ubiquitous nontransmissible E. amylovora plasmid pEA29. Previously, streptomycin-resistant E. amylovora populations from Michigan were described with a similar mechanism of resistance, although the strA-strB genes are not unique to Michigan. These findings illustrate how unintentional movement of nursery material could undermine efforts to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant E. amylovora.

scholarly journals (315) Geneva® 935: A New Fire Blight Resistant, Semidwarfing Apple rootstock

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1027B-1027
Author(s):  
Gennaro Fazio ◽  
Herb S. Aldwinckle ◽  
Terence L. Robinson ◽  
James Cummins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
New York State ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Individual Tree

The Geneva® Apple Rootstock Breeding program, which was initiated in 1968 by Dr. James Cummins and Dr. Herb Aldwinckle of Cornell University and which has been continued as a joint breeding program with the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) since 1998, has released a new semi-dwarfing apple rootstock which is named Geneva® 935 or G.935. G.935 (a progeny from a 1976 cross of `Ottawa 3' × `Robusta 5') is a selection that has been widely tested at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, N.Y., in commercial orchards in the United States and at research stations across the United States and Canada. G.935 is a semi-dwarfing rootstock that produces a tree slightly larger than M.26. G.935 is the most precocious and productive semi-dwarf rootstock we have released. It has had similar yield efficiency to M.9 along with excellent fruit size and wide crotch angles. It showed no symptoms of winter damage during the 1994 test winter in N.Y. G.935 is resistant to fire blight and Phytophthora; however. it is susceptible to infestations by woolly apple aphids. G.935 has shown tolerance to replant disease complex in several trials. It has good propagation characteristics in the stool bed and produces a large tree in the nursery. G.935 has better graft union strength than M.9, but will require a trellis or individual tree stake in the orchard to support the large crops when the tree is young. G.935 will be a possible replacement for M.26. Suggested orchards planting densities with this rootstock are 1,500-2,500 trees/ha. It has been released for propagation and sale by licensed nurseries. Liners will be available in the near future.

scholarly journals Privacy and Usability in COVID Enrollment Apps

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 661-662
Author(s):  
Laura Calloway ◽  
Lesa Huber ◽  
L Jean Camp
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
New York ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
New York State ◽  
Identity Theft ◽  
Privacy Preserving ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Qualitative Exploration

Abstract Enrollment apps for COVID-19 vaccinations are meant to be privacy-enhancing, but poor design puts privacy at risk. We report on a qualitative exploration of the experiences of older adults attempting to register for vaccination. We engaged in a think-aloud protocol with six participants over age 65 over Zoom as they used the New York state vaccination portal. Authentication requirements were: Medicare ID, DOB, address, and phone (optional). For this cohort, Social Security numbers were the default Medicare ID. We found that a privacy-enhanced authentication option exists, but efforts to use privacy-preserving enrollment were confounded by security-enhancing timeouts. Choosing to use the time-consuming privacy-preserving authentication increased the risk that available vaccines were taken. As a result, older adults reliant on volunteers to enroll revealed sensitive information and risked identity theft. A design that was meant to be privacy-enhancing by offering multiple avenues for authentication and ensuring logout via timeouts created a system where the more secure option was not effectively available due to a competing security mechanism. This was exacerbated by a counter counting down the number of vaccine sites available, similar to a well-known stress condition used to create cognitive load in laboratory experiments. All six participants used privacy-sensitive information to enroll; provided adequate information for identity theft; and all six encountered stop points. The countdown of available vaccination sites, the time required for insurance validation as an alternative to Medicare ID, and logging off after inactivity to prevent session theft each are good practices; but fail together.

Cultural Competence Needed to Distinguish Disorder from Difference: Beyond Kumbaya

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine J. Crowley ◽  
Kristin Guest ◽  
Kenay Sudler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Cultural Competence ◽  
York City ◽  
Cultural Sensitivity ◽  
Graduate Program ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
New York State ◽  
Deep Understanding

What does it mean to have true cultural competence as an speech-language pathologist (SLP)? In some areas of practice it may be enough to develop a perspective that values the expectations and identity of our clients and see them as partners in the therapeutic process. But when clinicians are asked to distinguish a language difference from a language disorder, cultural sensitivity is not enough. Rather, in these cases, cultural competence requires knowledge and skills in gathering data about a student's cultural and linguistic background and analyzing the student's language samples from that perspective. This article describes one American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)-accredited graduate program in speech-language pathology and its approach to putting students on the path to becoming culturally competent SLPs, including challenges faced along the way. At Teachers College, Columbia University (TC) the program infuses knowledge of bilingualism and multiculturalism throughout the curriculum and offers bilingual students the opportunity to receive New York State certification as bilingual clinicians. Graduate students must demonstrate a deep understanding of the grammar of Standard American English and other varieties of English particularly those spoken in and around New York City. Two recent graduates of this graduate program contribute their perspectives on continuing to develop cultural competence while working with diverse students in New York City public schools.

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