First Report of Tomato mottle mosaic virus Infecting Tomato in the United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig G. Webster ◽  
Erin N. Rosskopf ◽  
Leon Lucas ◽  
H. Charles Mellinger ◽  
Scott Adkins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Report

To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of ToMMV in the United States. Our results provide further characterization of the emerging ToMMV and highlight the continued importance of tobamovirus management in solanaceous crop production. Accepted 9 September 2014. Published 12 October 2014.

scholarly journals First Report of Wisteria vein mosaic virus in Wisteria sinensis in the United States of America

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rayapati A. Naidu ◽  
Gandhi Karthikeyan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Home Gardens ◽  
First Report ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
Wisteria Sinensis ◽  
First Time ◽  
Wisteria Vein Mosaic Virus

The ornamental Chinese wisteria (Wisteria sinensis) is a woody perennial grown for its flowering habit in home gardens and landscape settings. In this brief, the occurrence of Wisteria vein mosaic virus (WVMV) was reported for the first time in Chinese wisteria in the United States of America. Accepted for publication 18 June 2008. Published 18 August 2008.

scholarly journals Geographical Characterization of Greenhouse Irrigation Water

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Argo ◽  
John A. Biernbaum ◽  
Darryl D. Warncke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Mean Values

Chemical analyses of 4306 randomly selected greenhouse water samples for 1995 from the United States and Canada were obtained from four analytical laboratories and graphically characterized using a distribution analysis. For pH, electro-conductivity (EC), and nutrient concentrations, a mean and median value and the percentage of samples with concentrations above or below those generally considered acceptable are presented for all samples and the 10 leading states in floricultural production. The median nutrient concentrations were more representative of the type of water found throughout the United States and Canada than that of the mean values because of the unequal distribution of the data. The overall median water source had a pH of 7.1; an EC of 0.4 dS·m−1; an alkalinity of CaCO3 at 130 mg·L−1; (in mg·L−1) 40 Ca, 11 Mg, 8 SO4−S, 13 Na, 14 Cl, 0.02 B, and <0.01 F; a Ca: Mg ratio of 3.2, and a sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of 0.7. The information presented characterizes irrigation water and may assist in developing more refined fertilizer recommendations for greenhouse crop production.

scholarly journals First Report of Alternanthera mosaic virus Infection in Angelonia in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 1473-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Lockhart ◽  
M. L. Daughtrey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
Degenerate Primers ◽  
First Report

Stunting, chlorosis, and light yellow mottling resembling symptoms of nutrient deficiency were observed in angelonia (Angelonia angustifolia) in commercial production in New York. Numerous, filamentous particles 520 to 540 nm long and spherical virus particles 30 nm in diameter were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in negatively stained partially purified extracts of symptomatic Angelonia leaf tissue. Two viruses, the filamentous potexvirus Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) and the spherical carmovirus Angelonia flower break virus (AnFBV) were subsequently identified on the basis of nucleotide sequence analysis of amplicons generated by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using total RNA isolated from infected leaf tissue. A 584-bp portion of the replicase-encoding region of the AltMV genome was obtained with the degenerate primers Potex 2RC (5′-AGC ATR GNN SCR TCY TG-3′) and Potex 5 (5′-CAY CAR CAR GCM AAR GAT GA-3′) (3). Forward (AnFBV CP 1F-5′-AGC CTG GCA ATC TGC GTA CTG ATA-3′) and reverse (AnFBV CP 1R-5′-AAT ACC GCC CTC CTG TTT GGA AGT-3′) primers based on the published AnFBV genomic sequence (GenBank Accession No. NC_007733) were used to amplify a portion of the viral coat protein (CP) gene. The nucleotide sequence of the amplicon generated using the potexvirus-specific primers (GenBank Accession No. EU679362) was 99% identical to the published AltMV (GenBank Accession No. NC_007731) sequence and the nucleotide sequence of the amplicon obtained using the AnFBV CP primers was 99% identical to the published AnFBV genomic sequence (GenBank Accession No. EU679363). AnFBV occurs widely in angelonia (1) and AltMV has been identified in phlox (2). These data confirm the presence of AltMV and AnFBV in diseased angelonia plants showing stunting and nutrient deficiency-like symptoms and substantiates, to our knowledge, this first report of AltMV in angelonia in the United States. References: (1) S. Adkins et al. Phytopathology 96:460, 2006. (2) J. Hammond et al. Arch. Virol. 151:477, 2006. (3) R. A. A. van der Vlugt and M. Berendeson. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108:367, 2002.

scholarly journals First Report of Alfalfa mosaic virus Associated with Severe Mosaic and Mottling of Pepper (Capsicum annuum) and White Clover (Trifolium repens) in Oklahoma

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (11) ◽  
pp. 1705-1705 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Abdalla ◽  
A. Ali
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
First Report

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), a member of the genus Alfamovirus, family Bromoviridae (1), has been reported in 44 states in the United States excluding Oklahoma. During a cucurbit survey in the summer of 2010, severe mosaic and mottling symptoms were observed on many peppers (Capsicum annuum) and white clover (Trifolium repens) plants in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Symptomatic leaf samples from 15 pepper and two white clover plants were collected in the Bixby area and analyzed serologically by dot-immunobinding assay (DIBA) using specific polyclonal antibodies against AMV (Agdia, Inc). Seven out of 15 pepper samples and both white clover samples were tested positive by DIBA to AMV. The remaining symptomatic samples were positive to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Total RNA was extracted from DIBA positive AMV samples by Tri-reagent method. A small aliquot of total RNA was tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using specific primers: AMV-F 5′ GTCCGCGATCTCTTAAAT 3′ and AMV-R 5′ GAAGTTTGGGTCGAGAGA 3′ that were designed to amplify 900 bp of the AMV-RNA 3. Analysis of the PCR products on agarose gel electrophoreses showed that all tested samples showed a band of the expected size while DIBA negative AMV samples did not produce any band. The amplified PCR product (900 bp) obtained from pepper and white clover were cleaned with PCR purification kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD) and directly sequenced bi-directionally using the above primers. Sequence analysis confirmed that this virus shared 97% identity at nucleotide sequence with RNA 3 of AMV isolate from Madison-USA (GenBank Accession No. K02703). For biological and morphological characterization of the virus, eight pepper plants were mechanically inoculated using 0.1 M K2HPO4 buffer (pH 7.2) with total RNA extracted from AMV positive pepper or white clover plant samples. One to two weeks post-inoculation, all inoculated plants produced severe mosaic, mottling, and stunting. Virus-like particles preparations were obtained from these symptomatic plants according to our previously described method (2) and electron microcopy examination showed typical AMV particles. These biological and morphological data further confirmed the presence of AMV infecting pepper and clover in Oklahoma. AMV is a significant pathogen worldwide and infects more than 600 species in 70 families, especially alfalfa, pepper, soybean, and tobacco (3). AMV has a worldwide distribution, including the United States, and particularly the Midwestern U.S. where the incidence of the virus is on the rise recently because of the presence of its vector (Aphis glycines) (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of AMV infecting crops in Oklahoma, which could pose a threat to other economic crops grown in Oklahoma, especially soybean. References: (1) E. E. Mueller et al. Plant Dis. 91:266, 2007. (2) A. Ali et al. Plant Dis. 96:243, 2012. (3) J. F. Bol. Mol. Plant Path.4:1, 2003. (4) M. Malapi-Nelson et al. Plant Dis.93:1259, 2009.

scholarly journals First Report of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus on Melon in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 1163-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Tian ◽  
K. Posis ◽  
C. J. Maroon-Lango ◽  
V. Mavrodieva ◽  
S. Haymes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
First Report ◽  
Rigid Rod ◽  
Yolo County ◽  
Das Elisa

In July 2013, a melon (Cucumis melo var. Saski) field in Yolo County, California, was inspected as part of a phytosanitary inspection for seed production. The leaves of the plants showed mosaic, green mottle, and blotches. When plant sap was examined using a transmission electron microscope, rigid rod-shaped particles were observed. Melon plant samples were analyzed by both CDFA and USDA APHIS PPQ laboratories and tested positive using DAS-ELISA against Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). To confirm the presence of CGMMV, total RNA was analyzed by RT-PCR using primers CGMMV-F5370 5′-CTAATTATTCTGTCGTGGCTGCGGATGC-3′ and CGMMV-R6390 5′-CTTGCAGAATTACTGCCCATA-3′ designed by PPQ based on 21 genomic sequences of CGMMV found worldwide. The 976-bp amplicon was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. KJ453559) and BLAST analysis showed the sequence was 95% identical to MP and CP region of CGMMV isolates reported from Russia (GQ495274, FJ848666), Spain (GQ411361), and Israel (KF155231), and 92% to the isolates from China (KC852074), Korea (AF417243), India (DQ767631), and Japan (D12505). These analyses confirm the virus was CGMMV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CGMMV in the United States. Based on our sequence data, a second set of primers (CGMMV-F5796 5′-TTGCGTTTAGTGCTTCTTATGT-3′ and CGMMV-R6237 5′-GAGGTGGTAGCCTCTGACCAGA-3′), which amplified a 440-bp amplicon from CGMMV CP region, was designed and used for testing all the subsequent field and seed samples. Thirty-seven out of 40 randomly collected Saski melon samples tested positive for CGMMV, suggesting the virus was widespread in the field. All the melon samples also tested positive for Squash mosaic virus (SqMV) using DAS-ELISA (Agdia). Therefore, the symptoms observed likely resulted from a mixed infection. The melon field affected by CGMMV was immediately adjacent to fields of cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. Marketmore 76) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. Sugar Baby) crops, both for seed production with no barrier between the crops. CGMMV was also detected from symptomatic plants from both fields. Seed lots used for planting all three crops were tested and only the melon seed was positive for CGMMV, suggesting the seed as the source of infection. The sequenced 440-bp RT-PCR amplicons from CGMMV-infected cucumber and watermelon plants and melon seeds were 99% identical to the CGMMV from the field melon. A cucumber plant infected with CGMMV but not SqMV was used for mechanical inoculation at the Contained Research Facility at University of California, Davis. Inoculated cucumber, melon, and watermelon plants showed green mottle and mosaic similar to that observed in the field. CGMMV is a highly contagious virus and damage by this virus on cucurbit crops has been reported in regions where CGMMV is present (2). CGMMV was detected on cucumber grown in greenhouses in Canada with 10 to 15% yield losses reported due to this virus (1). The three cucurbit crops in Yolo County were planted in an isolated area with no other cucurbits nearby. Measures, including destroying all the cucurbit plant material, have been taken to eradicate the virus. Use of CGMMV free cucurbit seed is necessary for prevention of this disease. References: (1) K.-S. Ling et al. Plant Dis. 98:701, 2014. (2) J. Y. Yoon et al. J. Phytopathol. 156:408, 2008.

scholarly journals First Report of Turnip mosaic virus Infecting Brassica carinata (Ethiopian Mustard) in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1664-1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Babu ◽  
H. Dankers ◽  
S. George ◽  
D. Wright ◽  
J. Marois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Turnip Mosaic Virus ◽  
Brassica Carinata ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
First Report ◽  
Ethiopian Mustard ◽  
Plant Pathol ◽  
Pcr Assays

Brassica carinata L. Braun (Ethiopian mustard) is an annual oil seed crop currently being evaluated for its potential use as a source of biofuel. Due to its high content of erucic acid, it provides a biodegradable non-fossil fuel feedstock that has many applications ranging from biofuels to other industrial uses such as polymers, waxes, and surfactants. Moreover, high glucosinolate content adds the scope of B. carinata being used as a bio-fumigant. B. carinata is amenable to low input agriculture and has great economic potential to be used as a winter crop, especially in the southeastern United States. Virus-like leaf symptoms including mosaic, ringspot, mottling, and puckering were observed on B. carinata (cvs. 080814 EM and 080880 EM) in field trials at Quincy, FL, during spring 2013, with disease incidence of >80%. A more extensive survey of the same field location indicated that mosaic symptoms were the most common. Viral inclusion assays (1) of leaves with a range of symptoms indicated the presence of potyvirus-like inclusion bodies. Total RNA extracts (RNeasy Plant Mini Kit, Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) from six symptomatic samples and one non-symptomatic B. carinata sample were subjected to reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays using SuperScript III One-Step RT-PCR System (Invitrogen, Life Technologies, NY), and two sets of potyvirus-specific degenerate primers MJ1-F and MJ2-R (2) and NIb2F and NIb3R (3), targeting the core region of the CP and NIb, respectively. The RT-PCR assays using the CP and NIb specific primers produced amplicons of 327 bp and 350 bp, respectively, only in the symptomatic leaf samples. The obtained amplicons were gel-eluted and sequenced directly (GenBank Accession Nos. KC899803 to KC899808 for CP and KC899809 to KC899813 for NIb). BLAST analysis of these sequences revealed that they came from Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Pairwise comparisons of the CP (327 bp) and NIb (350 bp) segments revealed 98 to 99% and 96 to 98% nucleotide identities, respectively, with corresponding sequences of TuMV isolates. These results revealed the association of TuMV with symptomatic B. carinata leaf samples. Although TuMV has been reported from B. carinata in Zambia (4), this is the first report of its occurrence on B. carinata in the United States. Considering the importance of B. carinata as a biofuel source, this report underscores the need for developing effective virus management strategies for the crop. References: (1) R. G. Christie and J. R. Edwardson. Plant Dis. 70:273, 1986. (2) M. Grisoni et al. Plant Pathol. 55:523, 2006. (3) L. Zheng et al. Plant Pathol. 59:211, 2009. (4) D. S. Mingochi and A. Jensen. Acta Hortic. 218:289, 1988.

scholarly journals First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus in Anemone sp. in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Tzanetakis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Protein A ◽  
The United States ◽  
University Of Arkansas ◽  
Degenerate Primers ◽  
First Report ◽  
Complete Coat Protein ◽  
The University

In the spring of 2008, more than a dozen, aphid-infested, anemone plants (Anemone sp.) grown at the campus of the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville showed stunting and mosaic, whereas only two were asymptomatic. Leaf homogenates from four symptomatic plants were inoculated onto Nicotiana benthamiana that became stunted and developed severe mosaic approximately 7 days postinoculation, whereas buffer-inoculated plants remained asymptomatic. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) extraction (4) from symptomatic anemone revealed the presence of four predominant bands of approximately 3.2, 2.9, 2.2, and 0.9 kbp, a pattern indicative of cucumovirus infection. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is the only cucumovirus reported in anemone in Europe (2) and Israel (3), and for this reason, anemone and N. benthamiana plants were tested by Protein A ELISA with antisera against CMV developed by H. A. Scott. ELISA verified the presence of CMV in symptomatic anemone and inoculated N. benthamiana, while asymptomatic plants were free of the virus. Using cucumovirus degenerate primers, essentially as described by Choi et al. (1), a region of approximately 940 bases that includes the complete coat protein gene of the virus was amplified from symptomatic anemone and N. benthamiana but not asymptomatic plants of either species. This anemone isolate (GenBank Accession No. FJ375723) belongs to the IA subgroup of CMV because it shares 99% nucleotide and 100% amino acid sequence identities with the Fny isolates of the virus. To my knowledge, this is the first report of CMV infecting anemone in the United States and an important discovery for the ornamental industry since anemone is commonly grown together with several ornamental hosts of CMV in nursery and garden settings. References: (1) S. K. Choi et al. J. Virol. Methods 83:67, 1999. (2) M. Hollings. Ann. Appl. Biol. 45:44, 1957 (3) G. Loebenstein. Acta Hortic. 722:31, 2006 (4) I. E. Tzanetakis and R. R. Martin, J. Virol. Methods 149:167, 2008.

scholarly journals First Report of Pepino mosaic virus in Canada and the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
pp. 1121-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. French ◽  
M. Bouthillier ◽  
M. Bernardy ◽  
G. Ferguson ◽  
M. Sabourin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
First Report ◽  
Bright Yellow ◽  
Canadian Isolate

During the winter of 2000, tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) with a bright yellow leaf mosaic were observed in a commercial greenhouse in southern Ontario, Canada. Examination of leaf extracts, using leaf dips and immunosorbent absorption electron microscopy (ISEM), showed flexuous rods consistent with the potexvirus group. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the original Peruvian Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) isolate (1) and commercial antibodies obtained from Deutsche Sammlung von Mikro-organismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ), GmbH, Braunsweig, Germany, and Plant Research International (PRI), Wageningen, the Netherlands, were used in ISEM. Leaves tested positive in double-antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with antibodies from DSMZ and PRI. A triple-antibody sandwich-ELISA obtained from Adgen Ltd. (Nellies Gate, UK) gave similar results. Potato virus X did not react with PepMV antiserum in ELISA. Positive PepMV ELISA controls were a U.K. and a Dutch isolate supplied by R. Mumford and R. A. A. van Vlugt, respectively, and DSMZ. Using primers generated from a sequence of the RNA polymerase region of a U.K. PepMV isolate (R. Mumford, unpublished data), a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test showed the expected 312-bp amplicon for the Canadian, Dutch, and U.K. isolates. The primer sequences used were forward 5′ CTA TTA CAA CTC CGG AAG CCA 3′ and reverse 5′ TGG TCT GGC CAG GCT TTG AC 3′. The three isolates were maintained in tomato cv. Bush Beefsteak. When mechanically inoculated on L. esculentum cv. Rapsodie, the Canadian isolate caused a bright yellow mosaic in 1 to 2 weeks, while the two European isolates caused a faint yellow mosaic and mild puckering of the leaves. When mechanically inoculated on 17 indicator plants, the Canadian isolate had a host range similar to the U.K. isolate. The most striking difference in symptoms occurred in L. pimpinellifolium, in which the Canadian isolate caused a yellow mosaic, the Dutch isolate caused no symptoms, and the U.K. isolate caused a marked puckering of the leaves, suggesting virus strain differences among the isolates. Tomato fruits originating from the United States were collected during border inspections by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and tested for PepMV by ELISA with antisera from DSMZ. PepMV was not detected in 7 samples from California, but was detected in 6 of 12 samples from Colorado, 6 of 7 samples from Arizona, and 1 of 5 samples from Texas. PepMV was originally isolated from pepino (Solanum muricatum) in Peru in 1980 (1) and subsequently from tomato in the Netherlands in 1999 (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of PepMV in North America. References: (1) R. Jones et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 94:61, 1980. (2) R. A. A. van Vlugt et al. Plant Dis. 84:103, 2000.

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