Effects of different sweeteners on incretin hormone secretion, gastric emptying, intragastric distribution and postprandial glycemia in healthy humans

Sugar consumption is associated with a whole range of negative health effects and should be reduced and the natural sweetener xylitol might be helpful in achieving this goal. The present study was conducted as a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial. Twelve healthy, lean volunteers received intragastric solutions with 7, 17 or 35 g xylitol or tap water on four separate days. We examined effects on: gut hormones, glucose, insulin, glucagon, uric acid, lipid profile, as well as gastric emptying rates, appetite-related sensations and gastrointestinal symptoms. We found: (i) a dose-dependent stimulation of cholecystokinin (CCK), active glucagon-like peptide-1 (aGLP-1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY)-release, and decelerated gastric emptying rates, (ii) a dose-dependent increase in blood glucose and insulin, (iii) no effect on motilin, glucagon, or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)-release, (iv) no effect on blood lipids, but a rise in uric acid, and (v) increased bowel sounds as only side effects. In conclusion, low doses of xylitol stimulate the secretion of gut hormones and induce a deceleration in gastric emptying rates. There is no effect on blood lipids and only little effect on plasma glucose and insulin. This combination of properties (low-glycemic sweetener which stimulates satiation hormone release) makes xylitol an attractive candidate for sugar replacement.

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Plasma endocannabinoid levels in lean, overweight, and obese humans: relationships to intestinal permeability markers, inflammation, and incretin secretion

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00355.2017 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 315 (4) ◽

pp. E489-E495 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Tanya J. Little ◽

Nada Cvijanovic ◽

Nicholas V. DiPatrizio ◽

Donovan A. Argueta ◽

Christopher K. Rayner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Permeability ◽

Hormone Secretion ◽

Intestinal Microbiome ◽

Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Toll Like Receptor 4 ◽

Incretin Hormone ◽

Incretin Secretion ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Factor Α ◽

Insulinotropic Peptide

Intestinal production of endocannabinoid and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is impaired in high-fat diet/obese rodents, leading to reduced satiety. Such diets also alter the intestinal microbiome in association with enhanced intestinal permeability and inflammation; however, little is known of these effects in humans. This study aimed to 1) evaluate effects of lipid on plasma anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonyl- sn-glycerol (2-AG), and OEA in humans; and 2) examine relationships to intestinal permeability, inflammation markers, and incretin hormone secretion. Twenty lean, 18 overweight, and 19 obese participants underwent intraduodenal Intralipid infusion (2 kcal/min) with collection of endoscopic duodenal biopsies and blood. Plasma AEA, 2-AG, and OEA (HPLC/tandem mass spectrometry), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) (multiplex), and duodenal expression of occludin, zona-occludin-1 (ZO-1), intestinal-alkaline-phosphatase (IAP), and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) (by RT-PCR) were assessed. Fasting plasma AEA was increased in obese compared with lean and overweight patients ( P < 0.05), with no effect of BMI group or ID lipid infusion on plasma 2-AG or OEA. Duodenal expression of IAP and ZO-1 was reduced in obese compared with lean ( P < 0.05), and these levels related negatively to plasma AEA ( P < 0.05). The iAUC for AEA was positively related to iAUC GIP ( r = 0.384, P = 0.005). Obese individuals have increased plasma AEA and decreased duodenal expression of ZO-1 and IAP compared with lean and overweight subjects. The relationships between plasma AEA with duodenal ZO-1, IAP, and GIP suggest that altered endocannabinoid signaling may contribute to changes in intestinal permeability, inflammation, and incretin release in human obesity.

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Effects of a D-Xylose Preload With or Without Sitagliptin on Gastric Emptying, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, and Postprandial Glycemia in Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/dc12-2294 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 36 (7) ◽

pp. 1913-1918 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

T. Wu ◽

M. J. Bound ◽

B. R. Zhao ◽

S. D. Standfield ◽

M. Bellon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Gastric Emptying ◽

Postprandial Glycemia ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1

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Effect of incorporating fat into a liquid test meal on the relation between intragastric distribution and gastric emptying in human volunteers.

Gut ◽

10.1136/gut.31.11.1226 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 31 (11) ◽

pp. 1226-1229 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

L A Houghton ◽

Y F Mangnall ◽

N W Read

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Test Meal ◽

Human Volunteers ◽

Intragastric Distribution

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Effects of metoclopramide on duodenal motility and flow events, glucose absorption, and incretin hormone release in response to intraduodenal glucose infusion

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00476.2009 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 299 (6) ◽

pp. G1326-G1333 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Paul Kuo ◽

Max Bellon ◽

Judith Wishart ◽

André J. Smout ◽

Richard H. Holloway ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose Concentration ◽

Hormone Secretion ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Glucose Infusion ◽

Pressure Waves ◽

Incretin Hormone ◽

Duodenal Motility ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Gip Release

The contribution of small intestinal motor activity to nutrient absorption is poorly defined. A reduction in duodenal flow events after hyoscine butylbromide, despite no change in pressure waves, was associated with reduced secretion of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and a delay in glucose absorption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of metoclopramide on duodenal motility and flow events, incretin hormone secretion, and glucose absorption. Eight healthy volunteers (7 males and 1 female; age 29.8 ± 4.6 yr; body mass index 24.5 ± 0.9 kg/m2) were studied two times in randomized order. A combined manometry and impedance catheter was used to measure pressure waves and flow events in the same region of the duodenum simultaneously. Metoclopramide (10 mg) or control was administered intravenously as a bolus, followed by an intraduodenal glucose infusion for 60 min (3 kcal/min) incorporating the14C-labeled glucose analog 3- O-methylglucose (3-OMG). We found that metoclopramide was associated with more duodenal pressure waves and propagated pressure sequences than control ( P < 0.05 for both) during intraduodenal glucose infusion. However, the number of duodenal flow events, blood glucose concentration, and plasma 3-[14C]OMG activity did not differ between the two study days. Metoclopramide was associated with increased plasma concentrations of GLP-1 ( P < 0.05) and GIP ( P = 0.07) but lower plasma insulin concentrations ( P < 0.05). We concluded that metoclopramide was associated with increased frequency of duodenal pressure waves but no change in duodenal flow events and glucose absorption. Furthermore, GLP-1 and GIP release increased with metoclopramide, but insulin release paradoxically decreased.

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