Inactivated polio vaccine for the United States

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 835-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
STANLEY A. PLOTKIN
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-35
Author(s):  
Nathaniel L. Moir

Abstract This article revisits the Cutter Incident in the United States in April 1955 when mass-produced doses of polio vaccine containing insufficiently inactivated (killed) live polio virus were released to the U.S. public. The Cutter Incident also affected subsequent vaccine development and these lessons remain relevant in the international quest to create a rapidly developed vaccine for COVID-19. The Cutter Incident shows how things can go wrong when a vaccine is manufactured in haste and without adequate safety precautions during mass-production. In the article’s later section, liability without fault, among other consequences resulting from the incident, are also assessed in the context of current vaccine development through Operation Warp Speed, the public-private partnership funded by the U.S. government to develop a remedy for COVID-19.


2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. GARY ◽  
B. SMITH ◽  
J. JENKS ◽  
J. RUIZ ◽  
W. SESSIONS ◽  
...  

SUMMARYWhile oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been shown to be safe and effective, it has been observed that it can circulate within a susceptible population and revert to a virulent form. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) confers protection from paralytic disease, but provides limited protection against infection. It is possible, then, that an IPV-immunized population, when exposed to OPV, could sustain undetected circulation of vaccine-derived poliovirus. This study examines the possibility of polio vaccine virus circulating within the United States (highly IPV-immunized) population that borders Mexico (OPV-immunized). A total of 653 stool and 20 sewage samples collected on the US side of the border were tested for the presence of poliovirus. All samples were found to be negative. These results suggest that the risk of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus is low in fully immunized IPV-using populations in developed countries that border OPV-using populations.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 794-798
Author(s):  
William Watson

The general public still seems largely unaware of the cost in human lives, health, and happiness of the present toll of accidental injury and death in our society. This applies particularly to death and injury of children. Those people professionally involved in the end results-the physicians and others who see the unnecessary suffering-recognize the extent of the problem, but outside this group even the educated public displays a curious indifference. In a recent book on contemporary social problems, there is no mention of accidental injury and death throughout the whole 600-odd pages. The reasons for this neglect and indifference to a problem whose incidence and consequences could probably be reduced are unclear. Even in the matter of automobile accidents, which kill some 50,000 persons annually in the United States and maim and injure hundreds of thousands of others, there appears to be a fatalistic acceptance which is quite extraordinary when one reflects on it. It is a great pity that all motor car accidents do not happen on the same day; perhaps the shock of seeing American highways reduced to the condition of a battlefield might dramatize the problem sufficiently for steps to be taken about controlling it. The public's acceptance of death on the highway contrasts sharply with its responsiveness to dramas involving very rare diseases or conditions: the polio vaccine deaths of a few years ago, for example, in which, statistically speaking, the danger was infinitesimal. The debate about guncontrol legislation is another case in point. This has been dramatized by the deaths by gunfire of a small number of prominent men within a limited period, but the fact that more than 500 children lose their lives every year as a result of shootings seemed unable to generate an equal display of concern, despite the fact that ours is a society in which the child is supposed to be revered.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-795
Author(s):  
William F. Terry

Polio is a disease that has not occurred in the United States in its wild form in the last 17 years and which is likely to be eradicated worldwide in the next decade. Given these facts, it seems excessive to formulate a policy that attempts to achieve high-titer lifelong immunity in 100% of the pediatric population in this country. Dr Katz's excellent summary1 mentions that the Institute of Medicine and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considered five options involving either four doses of polio vaccine in various combinations or no immunization at all.


Author(s):  
A. Hakam ◽  
J.T. Gau ◽  
M.L. Grove ◽  
B.A. Evans ◽  
M. Shuman ◽  
...  

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of men in the United States and is the third leading cause of death in men. Despite attempts at early detection, there will be 244,000 new cases and 44,000 deaths from the disease in the United States in 1995. Therapeutic progress against this disease is hindered by an incomplete understanding of prostate epithelial cell biology, the availability of human tissues for in vitro experimentation, slow dissemination of information between prostate cancer research teams and the increasing pressure to “ stretch” research dollars at the same time staff reductions are occurring.To meet these challenges, we have used the correlative microscopy (CM) and client/server (C/S) computing to increase productivity while decreasing costs. Critical elements of our program are as follows:1) Establishing the Western Pennsylvania Genitourinary (GU) Tissue Bank which includes >100 prostates from patients with prostate adenocarcinoma as well as >20 normal prostates from transplant organ donors.


Author(s):  
Vinod K. Berry ◽  
Xiao Zhang

In recent years it became apparent that we needed to improve productivity and efficiency in the Microscopy Laboratories in GE Plastics. It was realized that digital image acquisition, archiving, processing, analysis, and transmission over a network would be the best way to achieve this goal. Also, the capabilities of quantitative image analysis, image transmission etc. available with this approach would help us to increase our efficiency. Although the advantages of digital image acquisition, processing, archiving, etc. have been described and are being practiced in many SEM, laboratories, they have not been generally applied in microscopy laboratories (TEM, Optical, SEM and others) and impact on increased productivity has not been yet exploited as well.In order to attain our objective we have acquired a SEMICAPS imaging workstation for each of the GE Plastic sites in the United States. We have integrated the workstation with the microscopes and their peripherals as shown in Figure 1.


2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 53-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Rehfeld

Every ten years, the United States “constructs” itself politically. On a decennial basis, U.S. Congressional districts are quite literally drawn, physically constructing political representation in the House of Representatives on the basis of where one lives. Why does the United States do it this way? What justifies domicile as the sole criteria of constituency construction? These are the questions raised in this article. Contrary to many contemporary understandings of representation at the founding, I argue that there were no principled reasons for using domicile as the method of organizing for political representation. Even in 1787, the Congressional district was expected to be far too large to map onto existing communities of interest. Instead, territory should be understood as forming a habit of mind for the founders, even while it was necessary to achieve other democratic aims of representative government.


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