Enhanced phosphorylation of S6 protein in mouse cortical layer V and subplate neurons.

Neuroreport ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 762-769
Author(s):  
Seong-Eun Lee ◽  
Seojin Hwang ◽  
Sang-Gun Ahn ◽  
Gabriella D’Arcangelo ◽  
Gum Hwa Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Subplate Neurons ◽  
Layer V

scholarly journals Altered White Matter and Layer VIb Neurons in Heterozygous Disc1 Mutant, a Mouse Model of Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-Hwa Tsai ◽  
Chih-Yu Tsao ◽  
Li-Jen Lee
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Type I ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Neuron Density ◽  
Subplate Neurons

Increased white matter neuron density has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. However, the pathogenic features of these neurons are still largely unknown. Subplate neurons, the earliest generated neurons in the developing cortex have also been associated with schizophrenia and autism. The link between these neurons and mental disorders is also not well established. Since cortical layer VIb neurons are believed to be the remnant of subplate neurons in the adult rodent brain, in this study, we aimed to examine the cytoarchitecture of neurons in cortical layer VIb and the underlying white matter in heterozygous Disc1 mutant (Het) mice, a mouse model of schizophrenia. In the white matter, the number of NeuN-positive neurons was quite low in the external capsule; however, the density of these cells was found increased (54%) in Het mice compared with wildtype (WT) littermates. The density of PV-positive neurons was unchanged in the mutants. In the cortical layer VIb, the density of CTGF-positive neurons increased (21.5%) in Het mice, whereas the number of Cplx3-positive cells reduced (16.1%) in these mutants, compared with WT mice. Layer VIb neurons can be classified by their morphological characters. The morphology of Type I pyramidal neurons was comparable between genotypes while the dendritic length and complexity of Type II multipolar neurons were significantly reduced in Het mice. White matter neurons and layer VIb neurons receive synaptic inputs and modulate the process of sensory information and sleep/arousal pattern. Aberrances of these neurons in Disc1 mutants implies altered brain functions in these mice.

scholarly journals Spindle-Shaped Neurons in the Human Posteromedial (Precuneus) Cortex

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Fuentealba-Villarroel ◽  
Josué Renner ◽  
Arlete Hilbig ◽  
Oliver J. Bruton ◽  
Alberto A. Rasia-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Brain Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Golgi Method ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Von Economo Neurons ◽  
Dendritic Length ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Layer V ◽  
Layer Vi

The human posteromedial cortex (PMC), which includes the precuneus (PC), represents a multimodal brain area implicated in emotion, conscious awareness, spatial cognition, and social behavior. Here, we describe the presence of Nissl-stained elongated spindle-shaped neurons (suggestive of von Economo neurons, VENs) in the cortical layer V of the anterior and central PC of adult humans. The adapted “single-section” Golgi method for postmortem tissue was used to study these neurons close to pyramidal ones in layer V until merging with layer VI polymorphic cells. From three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed images, we describe the cell body, two main longitudinally oriented ascending and descending dendrites as well as the occurrence of spines from proximal to distal segments. The primary dendritic shafts give rise to thin collateral branches with a radial orientation, and pleomorphic spines were observed with a sparse to moderate density along the dendritic length. Other spindle-shaped cells were observed with straight dendritic shafts and rare branches or with an axon emerging from the soma. We discuss the morphology of these cells and those considered VENs in cortical areas forming integrated brain networks for higher-order activities. The presence of spindle-shaped neurons and the current discussion on the morphology of putative VENs address the need for an in-depth neurochemical and transcriptomic characterization of the PC cytoarchitecture. These findings would include these spindle-shaped cells in the synaptic and information processing by the default mode network and for general intelligence in healthy individuals and in neuropsychiatric disorders involving the PC in the context of the PMC functioning.

scholarly journals Unbiased Quantification of Subplate Neuron Loss following Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in a Rat Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Mikhailova ◽  
Naveena Sunkara ◽  
Patrick S. McQuillen
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Rodent Model ◽  
Cortical Layers ◽  
Cortical Injury ◽  
Neonatal Hypoxia ◽  
Subplate Neurons ◽  
Hypoxia Ischemia

Background: Cellular targets of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) include both oligodendrocyte and neuronal lineages with differences in the patterns of vulnerable cells depending upon the developmental stage at which the injury occurs. Injury to the developing white matter is a characteristic feature of human preterm brain injury. Data are accumulating, however, for neuronal injury in the developing cerebral cortex. In the most widely used rodent model of preterm HI brain injury, conflicting data have been reported regarding the sensitivity of subplate neurons to early neonatal HI, with some reports of selective vulnerability and others that find no increased loss of subplate neurons in comparison with other cortical layers. Methods used to identify subplate neurons and quantify their numbers vary across studies. Objective: To use recently developed cortical layer-specific markers quantified with definitive stereologic methods to determine the magnitude and specificity of subplate neuron cell loss following neonatal HI in a rodent model. Methods: Postnatal day 2 (P2) rats underwent right common carotid artery coagulation followed by 2-3 h of hypoxia (5.6% oxygen). Categorically moderately injured brains were stained with subplate and cortical layer III-V markers (Complexin3 and Foxp1, respectively) at P8 and P21 (Foxp1 only). An Optical Fractionator was used to quantify subplate and middle/lower cortical neuronal numbers and these were compared across groups (naive control, hypoxia hemisphere, and HI hemisphere). Results: Following HI at P2 in rats, the total Complexin3-expressing subplate neuron number decreases significantly in the HI hemisphere compared with naive controls or hypoxia alone (HI vs. control 26,747 ± 7,952 vs. 35,468 ± 8,029, p = 0.04; HI vs. hypoxia, 26,747 ± 7,952 vs. 40,439 ± 7,363, p = 0.003). In contrast, the total Foxp1-expressing layer III-V cell number did not differ across the 3 conditions at P8 (HI vs. control 1,195,085 ± 436,609 vs. 1,234,640 ± 178,540, p = 0.19; HI vs. hypoxia, 1,195,085 ± 436,609 vs. 1,289,195 ± 468,941, p = 0.35) and at P21 (HI vs. control 1,265,190 ± 48,089 vs. 1,195,632 ± 26,912, p = 0.19; HI vs. hypoxia, 1,265,190 ± 48,089 vs. 1,309,563 ± 41,669, p = 0.49). Conclusions: There is significant biological variability inherent in both the subplate neuron cell number and the pattern and severity of cortical injury following HI at P2 in rats. Despite this variability, the subplate neuron cell number is lower following P2 HI in animals with mild or moderate cortical injury, whereas the middle-to-lower-layer cortical neuronal number is unchanged. In more severe cases, neurons are lost from the lower cortical layers, suggesting a relative vulnerability of subplate neurons.

scholarly journals INTRALAMINAR DISTRIBUTION OF ACID RIBONUCLEASE IN RABBIT CEREBRAL CORTEX

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45
Author(s):  
Y. TAKAHASHI ◽  
Y. SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Ribonuclease Activity ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Rabbit Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Layer V

Acid ribonuclease activity of the cortical layer and the subcortical white matter of area parietalis of rabbit brain was measured microchemically and the distribution of enzyme activity was related to the histologic composition. The cytoarchitectonic distribution pattern of acid ribonuclease showed it to be higher in layers III, IV, V and VI than in layers I and II, and especially high in layer V. The activity in white matter was the lowest among all examined layers.

scholarly journals Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry identify non-cell autonomous Otx2 homeoprotein in the granular and supragranular layers of mouse visual cortex

F1000Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namsuk Kim ◽  
Dario Acampora ◽  
Florent Dingli ◽  
Damarys Loew ◽  
Antonio Simeone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Layer V ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex ◽  
Redundant Functions ◽  
Parvalbumin Neurons

Plasticity in the visual cerebral cortex is regulated by the internalization of Otx2 homeoprotein into parvalbumin neurons in cortical layers II/III and IV. However the Otx2 locus is not active in these neurons and the protein is imported from external sources, including the choroid plexus. Because Otx1 and Otx2 may have redundant functions, we wanted to verify if part of the staining in parvalbumin neurons corresponds to Otx1 transported from cortical layer V neurons. It is demonstrated here that Otx staining in layer IV cells is maintained in Otx1-null mice. The immunoprecipitation of extracts from finely dissected granular and supragranular cortex (layers I-IV) gave immunoblots with a band corresponding to Otx2 and not Otx1. Moreover, high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis after immunoprecipitation identifies two peptides within the Otx2 homeodomain. One of these peptides is specific for Otx2 and is not found in Otx1. These results unambiguously establish that the staining in parvalbumin neurons revealed with the anti-Otx2 antibodies used in our previous studies identifies non-cell autonomous Otx2.

scholarly journals Optical clearing of living brains with MAGICAL to extend in vivo imaging

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouichirou Iijima ◽  
Takuto Oshima ◽  
Ryosuke Kawakami ◽  
Tomomi Nemoto
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Emission ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Fluorescence Emission Spectrum ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Two Photon Microscopy ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 ◽  
Layer V

AbstractTo understand brain functions, it is important to observe directly how multiple neural circuits are performing in living brains. However, due to tissue opaqueness, observable depth and spatiotemporal resolution are severely degraded in vivo. Here, we propose an optical brain clearing method for in vivo fluorescence microscopy, termed MAGICAL (Magical Additive Glycerol Improves Clear Alive Luminance). MAGICAL enabled two-photon microscopy to capture vivid images with fast speed, at cortical layer V and hippocampal CA1 in vivo. Moreover, MAGICAL promoted conventional confocal microscopy to visualize finer neuronal structures including synaptic boutons and spines in unprecedented deep regions, without intensive illumination leading to phototoxic effects. Fluorescence Emission Spectrum Transmissive Analysis (FESTA) showed that MAGICAL improved in vivo transmittance of shorter wavelength light, which is vulnerable to optical scattering thus unsuited for in vivo microscopy. These results suggest that MAGICAL would transparentize living brains via scattering reduction.

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