scholarly journals One day is enough: rapid and specific host–parasite interactions in a stickleback-trematode system

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisep Rauch ◽  
Martin Kalbe ◽  
Thorsten B.H Reusch
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Host Defence ◽  
Defence Mechanism ◽  
Fish Family ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite

Red Queen models of host–parasite coevolution are based on genotype by genotype host–parasite interactions. Such interactions require a genotype specific host defence and, simultaneously, a genotype specific parasite infectivity. Specificity is defined here as defence or infection ability successful against only a subset of genotypes of the same species. A specific defence depends on detectable genotypic variation on the parasite side and on a host defence mechanism that differentiates between parasite genotypes. In vertebrates, the MHC-based adaptive immune system can provide such a defence mechanism, but it needs at least several days to get fully mounted. In contrast, the innate immune system is immediately ready. The trematode parasite species used here reaches the immunologically protected eye lens of its three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) host within 24 h. Thus, it disappears too fast for the fully mounted MHC-based adaptive immune system. In a complete cross-infection experiment using five fish-families and five parasite-clones, we found for the first time fish-family by parasite-clone interactions in vertebrates, although the parasite was only exposed to the immune system for maximally one day. Such interactions require a fast genotype specific defence, suggesting the importance of other defence mechanisms than the too slow, fully mounted adaptive immune system in vertebrates.

scholarly journals Salivarian Trypanosomosis Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensures Survival Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Magez ◽  
Joar Esteban Pinto Torres ◽  
Seoyeon Oh ◽  
Magdalena Radwanska
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Treatment And Diagnosis

Salivarian trypanosomes are extracellular parasites affecting humans, livestock and game animals. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense are human infective sub-species of T. brucei causing Human African Trypanosomosis (HAT - sleeping sickness). The related T. b. brucei parasite lacks the resistance to survive in human serum, and only inflicts animal infections. Animal Trypanosomosis (AT) is not restricted to Africa, but is present on all continents. T. congolense and T. vivax are the most widespread pathogenic trypanosomes in sub-Sahara Africa. Trough mechanical transmission, T. vivax has however been introduced into South America. T. evansi is a unique animal trypanosome that is found in vast territories around the world and can cause atypical Human Trypanosomosis (aHT). All salivarian trypanosomes are well adapted to survival inside the host’s immune system. This is not a hostile environment for these parasite, but this is the place where they thrive. Here we provide an overview of the latest insights into the host-parasite interaction and the unique survival strategies allowing trypanosomes to outsmart the immune system. In addition, we review new developments in treatment and diagnosis as well the issues that have hampered the development of field-applicable anti-trypanosome vaccines for the implementation of sustainable disease control.

Evolution and age characteristics of the innate and adaptive immune system

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Abaturov ◽  
◽  
E.A. Agafonova ◽  
N.I. Abaturova ◽  
V.L. Babich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals Unfolded Protein Corona Surrounding Nanotubes Influence the Innate and Adaptive Immune System

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 2004979
Author(s):  
Jun‐Young Park ◽  
Sung Jean Park ◽  
Jun Young Park ◽  
Sang‐Hyun Kim ◽  
Song Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Protein Corona ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals T Cells Limit Accumulation of Aggregate Pathology Following Intrastriatal Injection of α-Synuclein Fibrils

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Sonia George ◽  
Trevor Tyson ◽  
Nolwen L. Rey ◽  
Rachael Sheridan ◽  
Wouter Peelaerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
T And B Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immunocompromised Mice ◽  
The Impact

Background: α-Synuclein (α-syn) is the predominant protein in Lewy-body inclusions, which are pathological hallmarks of α- synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Other hallmarks include activation of microglia, elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the activation of T and B cells. These immune changes point towards a dysregulation of both the innate and the adaptive immune system. T cells have been shown to recognize epitopes derived from α-syn and altered populations of T cells have been found in PD and MSA patients, providing evidence that these cells can be key to the pathogenesis of the disease. Objective To study the role of the adaptive immune system with respect to α-syn pathology. Methods: We injected human α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the striatum of immunocompromised mice (NSG) and assessed accumulation of phosphorylated α-syn pathology, proteinase K-resistant α-syn pathology and microgliosis in the striatum, substantia nigra and frontal cortex. We also assessed the impact of adoptive transfer of naïve T and B cells into PFF-injected immunocompromised mice. Results: Compared to wildtype mice, NSG mice had an 8-fold increase in phosphorylated α-syn pathology in the substantia nigra. Reconstituting the T cell population decreased the accumulation of phosphorylated α-syn pathology and resulted in persistent microgliosis in the striatum when compared to non-transplanted mice. Conclusion: Our work provides evidence that T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of experimental α-synucleinopathy.

scholarly journals Programming Native CRISPR Arrays for the Generation of Targeted Immunity

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Hynes ◽  
Simon J. Labrie ◽  
Sylvain Moineau
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Industrial Settings

ABSTRACT The adaptive immune system of prokaryotes, called CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated genes), results in specific cleavage of invading nucleic acid sequences recognized by the cell’s “memory” of past encounters. Here, we exploited the properties of native CRISPR-Cas systems to program the natural “memorization” process, efficiently generating immunity not only to a bacteriophage or plasmid but to any specifically chosen DNA sequence. IMPORTANCE CRISPR-Cas systems have entered the public consciousness as genome editing tools due to their readily programmable nature. In industrial settings, natural CRISPR-Cas immunity is already exploited to generate strains resistant to potentially disruptive viruses. However, the natural process by which bacteria acquire new target specificities (adaptation) is difficult to study and manipulate. The target against which immunity is conferred is selected stochastically. By biasing the immunization process, we offer a means to generate customized immunity, as well as provide a new tool to study adaptation.

scholarly journals Effects of helium and air inhalation on the innate and early adaptive immune system in healthy volunteers ex vivo

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gezina TML Oei ◽  
Kirsten F Smit ◽  
Djai vd Vondervoort ◽  
Daniel Brevoord ◽  
Arjan Hoogendijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune
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