scholarly journals Compass magnetoreception in birds arising from photo-induced radical pairs in rotationally disordered cryptochromes

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (77) ◽  
pp. 3329-3337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason C. S. Lau ◽  
Christopher T. Rodgers ◽  
P. J. Hore
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Radical Pair ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Magnetic Compass ◽  
Radical Pairs ◽  
Molecular Precursors ◽  
Pair Model ◽  
Photochemical Transformations

According to the radical pair model, the magnetic compass sense of migratory birds relies on photochemical transformations in the eye to detect the direction of the geomagnetic field. Magnetically sensitive radical pairs are thought to be generated in cryptochrome proteins contained in magnetoreceptor cells in the retina. A prerequisite of the current model is for some degree of rotational ordering of both the cryptochromes within the cells and of the cells within the retina so that the directional responses of individual molecules do not average to zero. Here, it is argued that anisotropic distributions of radical pairs can be generated by the photoselection effects that arise from the directionality of the light entering the eye. Light-induced rotational order among the transient radical pairs rather than intrinsic ordering of their molecular precursors is seen as the fundamental condition for a magnetoreceptor cell to exhibit an anisotropic response. A theoretical analysis shows that a viable compass magnetoreceptor could result from randomly oriented cryptochromes contained in randomly oriented cells distributed around the retina.

scholarly journals Light-dependent magnetoreception in birds: the crucial step occurs in the dark

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (118) ◽  
pp. 20151010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roswitha Wiltschko ◽  
Margaret Ahmad ◽  
Christine Nießner ◽  
Dennis Gehring ◽  
Wolfgang Wiltschko
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Radical Pair ◽  
Magnetic Compass ◽  
Radical Pairs ◽  
Intermittent Light ◽  
Pair Model ◽  
Dark Interval ◽  
Behavioural Experiments ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The Radical Pair Model proposes that the avian magnetic compass is based on spin-chemical processes: since the ratio between the two spin states singlet and triplet of radical pairs depends on their alignment in the magnetic field, it can provide information on magnetic directions. Cryptochromes, blue light-absorbing flavoproteins, with flavin adenine dinucleotide as chromophore, are suggested as molecules forming the radical pairs underlying magnetoreception. When activated by light, cryptochromes undergo a redox cycle, in the course of which radical pairs are generated during photo-reduction as well as during light-independent re-oxidation. This raised the question as to which radical pair is crucial for mediating magnetic directions. Here, we present the results from behavioural experiments with intermittent light and magnetic field pulses that clearly show that magnetoreception is possible in the dark interval, pointing to the radical pair formed during flavin re-oxidation. This differs from the mechanism considered for cryptochrome signalling the presence of light and rules out most current models of an avian magnetic compass based on the radical pair generated during photo-reduction. Using the radical pair formed during re-oxidation may represent a specific adaptation of the avian magnetic compass.

scholarly journals The magnetic compass mechanisms of birds and rodents are based on different physical principles

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 583-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Thalau ◽  
Thorsten Ritz ◽  
Hynek Burda ◽  
Regina E Wegner ◽  
Roswitha Wiltschko
Keyword(s):  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Radical Pair ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Static Field ◽  
Magnetic Compass ◽  
Radical Pair Mechanism ◽  
Zeeman Frequency ◽  
Compass Mechanisms ◽  
Physical Principles

Recently, oscillating magnetic fields in the MHz-range were introduced as a useful diagnostic tool to identify the mechanism underlying magnetoreception. The effect of very weak high-frequency fields on the orientation of migratory birds indicates that the avian magnetic compass is based on a radical pair mechanism. To analyse the nature of the magnetic compass of mammals, we tested rodents, Ansell's mole-rats, using their tendency to build their nests in the southern part of the arena as a criterion whether or not they could orient. In contrast to birds, their orientation was not disrupted when a broad-band field of 0.1–10 MHz of 85 nT or a 1.315 MHz field of 480 nT was added to the static geomagnetic field of 46 000 nT. Even increasing the intensity of the 1.315 MHz field (Zeeman frequency in the local geomagnetic field) to 4800 nT, more than a tenth of the static field, the mole-rats remained unaffected and continued to build their nests in the south. These results indicate that in contrast to that of birds, their magnetic compass does not involve radical pair processes; it seems to be based on a fundamentally different principle, which probably involves magnetite.

scholarly journals The quantum needle of the avian magnetic compass

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (17) ◽  
pp. 4634-4639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish G. Hiscock ◽  
Susannah Worster ◽  
Daniel R. Kattnig ◽  
Charlotte Steers ◽  
Ye Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Radical Pair ◽  
Spin Dynamics ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Magnetic Compass ◽  
Spin Coherence ◽  
Radical Pairs ◽  
Sharp Feature ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

Migratory birds have a light-dependent magnetic compass, the mechanism of which is thought to involve radical pairs formed photochemically in cryptochrome proteins in the retina. Theoretical descriptions of this compass have thus far been unable to account for the high precision with which birds are able to detect the direction of the Earth's magnetic field. Here we use coherent spin dynamics simulations to explore the behavior of realistic models of cryptochrome-based radical pairs. We show that when the spin coherence persists for longer than a few microseconds, the output of the sensor contains a sharp feature, referred to as a spike. The spike arises from avoided crossings of the quantum mechanical spin energy-levels of radicals formed in cryptochromes. Such a feature could deliver a heading precision sufficient to explain the navigational behavior of migratory birds in the wild. Our results (i) afford new insights into radical pair magnetoreception, (ii) suggest ways in which the performance of the compass could have been optimized by evolution, (iii) may provide the beginnings of an explanation for the magnetic disorientation of migratory birds exposed to anthropogenic electromagnetic noise, and (iv) suggest that radical pair magnetoreception may be more of a quantum biology phenomenon than previously realized.

scholarly journals Can disordered radical pair systems provide a basis for a magnetic compass in animals?

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Hill ◽  
Thorsten Ritz
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
External Magnetic Field ◽  
Radical Pair ◽  
Magnetic Compass ◽  
Magnetic Field Direction ◽  
Chemical Signal ◽  
Radical Pairs ◽  
Directional Information ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Signal Production

A proposed mechanism for magnetic compasses in animals is that systems of radical pairs transduce magnetic field information to the nervous system. One can show that perfectly ordered arrays of radical pairs are sensitive to the direction of the external magnetic field and can thus operate, in principle, as a magnetic compass. Here, we investigate how disorder, inherent in biological cells, affects the ability of radical pair systems to provide directional information. We consider biologically inspired geometrical arrangements of ensembles of radical pairs with increasing amounts of disorder and calculate the effect of changing the direction of the external magnetic field on the rate of chemical signal production by radical pair systems. Using a previously established signal transduction model, we estimate the minimum number of receptors necessary to allow for detection of the change in chemical signal owing to changes in magnetic field direction. We quantify the required increase in the number of receptors to compensate for the signal attenuation through increased disorder. We find radical-pair-based compass systems to be relatively robust against disorder, suggesting several scenarios as to how a compass structure can be realized in a biological cell.

scholarly journals Electron spin relaxation in cryptochrome-based magnetoreception

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 12443-12456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Kattnig ◽  
Ilia A. Solov'yov ◽  
P. J. Hore
Keyword(s):  
Protein Dynamics ◽  
Spin Relaxation ◽  
Electron Spin ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Magnetic Compass ◽  
Radical Pairs ◽  
Electron Spin Relaxation ◽  
The Impact

The magnetic compass sense of migratory birds is thought to rely on magnetically sensitive radical pairs formed photochemically in cryptochrome proteins in the retina. Here we assess the impact of protein dynamics on the sensitivity of the compass.

scholarly journals Electromagnetic 0.1–100 kHz noise does not disrupt orientation in a night-migrating songbird implying a spin coherence lifetime of less than 10 µs

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (161) ◽  
pp. 20190716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Kobylkov ◽  
Joe Wynn ◽  
Michael Winklhofer ◽  
Raisa Chetverikova ◽  
Jingjing Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Radical Pair ◽  
Coherence Time ◽  
Magnetic Compass ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Spin Coherence ◽  
Compass Orientation ◽  
Magnetic Compass Orientation ◽  
Migrating Birds

According to the currently prevailing theory, the magnetic compass sense in night-migrating birds relies on a light-dependent radical-pair-based mechanism. It has been shown that radio waves at megahertz frequencies disrupt magnetic orientation in migratory birds, providing evidence for a quantum-mechanical origin of the magnetic compass. Still, many crucial properties, e.g. the lifetime of the proposed magnetically sensitive radical pair, remain unknown. The current study aims to estimate the spin coherence time of the radical pair, based on the behavioural responses of migratory birds to broadband electromagnetic fields covering the frequency band 0.1–100 kHz. A finding that the birds were unable to use their magnetic compass under these conditions would imply surprisingly long-lived (greater than 10 µs) spin coherence. However, we observed no effect of 0.1–100 kHz radiofrequency (RF) fields on the orientation of night-migratory Eurasian blackcaps ( Sylvia atricapilla ). This suggests that the lifetime of the spin coherence involved in magnetoreception is shorter than the period of the highest frequency RF fields used in this experiment (i.e. approx. 10 µs). This result, in combination with an earlier study showing that 20–450 kHz electromagnetic fields disrupt magnetic compass orientation, suggests that the spin coherence lifetime of the magnetically sensitive radical pair is in the range 2–10 µs.

scholarly journals Cryptochrome expression in avian UV cones: revisiting the role of CRY1 as magnetoreceptor

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atticus Pinzon-Rodriguez ◽  
Rachel Muheim
Keyword(s):  
Zebra Finch ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Radical Pair ◽  
Magnetic Compass ◽  
Radical Pair Mechanism ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Light Activation ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Circadian Expression

AbstractCryptochromes (CRY) have been proposed as putative magnetoreceptors in vertebrates. Localisation of CRY1 in the UV cones in the retinas of birds suggested that it could be the candidate magnetoreceptor. However, recent findings argue against this possibility. CRY1 is a type II cryptochrome, a subtype of cryptochromes that may not be inherently photosensitive, and it exhibits a clear circadian expression in the retinas of birds. Here, we reassessed the localisation and distribution of CRY1 in the retina of the zebra finch. Zebra finches have a light-dependent magnetic compass based on a radical-pair mechanism, similar to migratory birds. We found that CRY1 colocalised with the UV/V opsin (SWS1) in the outer segments of UV cones, but restricted to the tip of the segments. CRY1 was found in all UV cones across the entire retina, with the highest densities near the fovea. Pre-exposure of birds to different wavelengths of light did not result in any difference in CRY1 detection, suggesting that CRY1 did not undergo any detectable functional changes as result of light activation. Considering that CRY1 is likely not involved in magnetoreception, our findings open the possibility for an involvement in different, yet undetermined functions in the avian UV/V cones.

scholarly journals A hierarchy of compass systems in migratory birds

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Pakhomov ◽  
Nikita Chernetsov
Keyword(s):  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Magnetic Compass ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Previous Hypothesis ◽  
Orientation Information ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Migratory Period ◽  
Cue Conflict

Migratory birds use several different sources of orientation information. They have at least three compass systems based on different cues: the sun and polarized light, the stars and their constellations, and the geomagnetic field. The concurrent information obtained from these three compasses is redundant, therefore the compasses need to have a hierarchy and must be calibrated relative to each other. One of the compasses should dominate the others, or some orientation cue should be used to calibrate the remaining compass systems. Results of experiments on a variety of songbird species demonstrate that while astronomical cues calibrate the magnetic compass during the pre-migratory period, strategies used during the migratory period are more diverse. In the present review, we analyze the results of all crucial cue-conflict studies, mostly performed in nocturnal songbird migrants; we also try to understand why some migratory species calibrate their magnetic compass on sunset cues while others use the geomagnetic field or stars as a primary cue source, and we examine why the previous hypothesis could not explain the findings of all cue-conflict experiments.

scholarly journals Magnetoreception in birds

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (158) ◽  
pp. 20190295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roswitha Wiltschko ◽  
Wolfgang Wiltschko
Keyword(s):  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Radical Pair ◽  
Magnetic Intensity ◽  
Radical Pairs ◽  
Precise Location ◽  
Brainstem Nuclei ◽  
Field Lines ◽  
Ophthalmic Branch ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Birds can use two kinds of information from the geomagnetic field for navigation: the direction of the field lines as a compass and probably magnetic intensity as a component of the navigational ‘map’. The direction of the magnetic field appears to be sensed via radical pair processes in the eyes, with the crucial radical pairs formed by cryptochrome. It is transmitted by the optic nerve to the brain, where parts of the visual system seem to process the respective information. Magnetic intensity appears to be perceived by magnetite-based receptors in the beak region; the information is transmitted by the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve to the trigeminal ganglion and the trigeminal brainstem nuclei. Yet in spite of considerable progress in recent years, many details are still unclear, among them details of the radical pair processes and their transformation into a nervous signal, the precise location of the magnetite-based receptors and the centres in the brain where magnetic information is combined with other navigational information for the navigational processes.

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