scholarly journals Multiple behavioural, morphological and cognitive developmental changes arise from a single alteration to early life spatial environment, resulting in fitness consequences for released pheasants

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 160008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Whiteside ◽  
Rufus Sage ◽  
Joah R. Madden
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Phasianus Colchicus ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Spatial Environment ◽  
Adult Fitness ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Simple Manipulation ◽  
Early Rearing

Subtle variations in early rearing environment influence morphological, cognitive and behavioural processes that together impact on adult fitness. We manipulated habitat complexity experienced by young pheasants ( Phasianus colchicus ) in their first seven weeks, adding a third accessible dimension by placing elevated perches in their rearing pens mimicking natural variation in habitat complexity. This simple manipulation provoked an interrelated suite of morphological, cognitive and behavioural changes, culminating in decreased wild mortality of birds from complex habitats compared with controls. Three mechanisms contribute to this: Pheasants reared with perches had a morphology which could enable them to fly to the higher branches and cope with prolonged roosting. They had a higher propensity to roost off the ground at night in the wild. More generally, these birds had more accurate spatial memory. Consequently, birds were at a reduced risk of terrestrial predation. The fitness consequences of variation in early rearing on behavioural development are rarely studied in the wild but we show that this is necessary because the effects can be broad ranging and not simple, depending on a complex interplay of behavioural, cognitive and morphological elements, even when effects that the treatments provoke are relatively short term and plastic.

scholarly journals Art pedagogy in preschool education: opportunities and challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 04002
Author(s):  
Inna Zhitnaya ◽  
Anna Lysenko ◽  
Anastasia Levshina ◽  
Irina Kiseleva
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Education ◽  
Educational Organizations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Spatial Environment ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Reggio Approach ◽  
Teachers And Parents ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
Art Pedagogy

The article considers issues related to the development of a creatively active personality of a preschool child through art pedagogy. The essence, goals and objectives of art pedagogy in the context of preschool education are determined. Possible problems of art pedagogy technologies’ implementation are highlighted: at the organization level of the subject-spatial environment, the readiness of children, teachers and parents. The ways and means of resolving the identified problems are also presented: systematic work with teachers and parents included in joint parent-child projects and ways of transforming the developing subject-spatial environment in preschool educational organizations is proposed. The Reggio approach is presented as one of the most successful forms of implementation: the international experience of applying this approach in preschool organizations is described. Also presented is the practice of Reggio approach implementing on line with art pedagogy in working with teachers and parents, carried out at the Southern Federal University in the form of a short-term project.

Brassinosteroid-induced de-etiolation of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings resembles the long-term effects of cytokinins

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Luo ◽  
Ji-Chu Chen ◽  
Yu-Ju Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Hypocotyl Elongation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Positive Regulators

Cytokinins can cause de-etiolation of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. seedlings growing in the dark. Brassinosteroids (BRs) have been considered to regulate negatively the de-etiolation in dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings. We show here that epi-brassinolide (epi-BL) can partially produce the phenotype of de-etiolation as caused by treatment with cytokinins in the dark, including the development of leaves and epicotyls in the wild-type and the BR-deficient mutant det2. But BRs cannot inhibit hypocotyl elongation, nor restore all the inhibition caused by cytokinins and light. We have found that there are distinct short term and long term phases of induction of de-etiolation by cytokinins. The short-term effect is probably coupled to ethylene in the inhibition of the hypocotyl elongation; the long-term effect causes morphogenesis of leaves and epicotyls. BRs can only regulate de-etiolation in the long term. We propose that the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation of det2 in darkness is caused by the absence of BR-dependent elongation rather than the inhibition caused by the expression of genes for photomorphogenesis. We propose that BRs resemble cytokinins in regulating de-etiolation as positive regulators, and that the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and the development of leaves and epicotyls in de-etiolation are independent processes.

scholarly journals The Influence of Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Short-Term Exercise Training on Mortality Risk From The Ball State Adult Fitness Longitudinal Lifestyle Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 1406-1414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary T. Imboden ◽  
Matthew P. Harber ◽  
Mitchell H. Whaley ◽  
W. Holmes Finch ◽  
Derron A. Bishop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Adult Fitness

Short-term Costs and Benefits of Habitat Complexity for a Territorial Fish

Ethology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Bilhete ◽  
James W.A. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Short Term

Fitness consequences of natural variation in flooding-induced shoot elongation inRumex palustris

2011 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Chen ◽  
Eric J. W. Visser ◽  
Hans de Kroon ◽  
Ronald Pierik ◽  
Laurentius A. C. J. Voesenek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Variation ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Fitness Consequences

scholarly journals Natural selection acts on Atlantic salmon major histocompatibility (MH) variability in the wild

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1611) ◽  
pp. 861-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvira de Eyto ◽  
Philip McGinnity ◽  
Sofia Consuegra ◽  
Jamie Coughlan ◽  
Jarle Tufto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Major Histocompatibility ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Class Ii Alpha

Pathogen-driven balancing selection is thought to maintain polymorphism in major histocompatibility (MH) genes. However, there have been few empirical demonstrations of selection acting on MH loci in natural populations. To determine whether natural selection on MH genes has fitness consequences for wild Atlantic salmon in natural conditions, we compared observed genotype frequencies of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) surviving in a river six months after their introduction as eggs with frequencies expected from parental crosses. We found significant differences between expected and observed genotype frequencies at the MH class II alpha locus, but not at a MH class I-linked microsatellite or at seven non-MH-linked microsatellite loci. We therefore conclude that selection at the MH class II alpha locus was a result of disease-mediated natural selection, rather than any demographic event. We also show that survival was associated with additive allelic effects at the MH class II alpha locus. Our results have implications for both the conservation of wild salmon stocks and the management of disease in hatchery fish. We conclude that natural or hatchery populations have the best chance of dealing with episodic and variable disease challenges if MH genetic variation is preserved both within and among populations.

scholarly journals Early experience and parent-of-origin-specific effects influence female reproductive success in mice

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinmar Hager ◽  
Rufus A Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Female Reproductive Success ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Mixed Litter ◽  
Offspring Growth ◽  
Parent Of Origin

Recent studies on mammals investigating parent-of-origin-specific effects such as genomic imprinting and maternal effects have demonstrated their impact on short-term measures of fitness, for example offspring growth. However, the long-term fitness consequences of parent-of-origin-specific effects and their role outside the immediate mother–offspring interaction remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that female mice mated to males that inherited the same set of paternal and maternal genes as themselves have a higher reproductive success than females mated to males of reciprocal genotype. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the early social environment experienced by an individual influences its reproductive success. Females raised with unrelated siblings in a mixed litter had a subsequent lower reproductive success than those that were fostered together with all their biological siblings in unmixed litters. Our results highlight the important influence of parent-of-origin-specific effects and conditions in early development on long-term reproductive success in mammals and suggest that parent-of-origin-specific effects may provide the underlying mechanism for beneficial coadaptation between genotypes, for example, in mate choice.

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