scholarly journals The infra-red absorption spectrum of nitrogen tetroxide and the structure of the molecule

1933 ◽  
Vol 141 (844) ◽  
pp. 342-362 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Rock Salt ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Absorption Cell ◽  
Nitrogen Tetroxide ◽  
Degree Of Dissociation ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
The Individual

The earliest observations on the infra-red absorption spectrum of nitrogen peroxide were made by Warburg and Leithauser, who found that at ordinary temperatures the mixture of the tetroxide and dioxide had strong absorption maxima at 3•4 μ, 5•7μ, and 6•1μ. By varying the temperature, and so the degree of dissociation of tetroxide molecules into dioxide molecules, they were able to attribute the absorption band at 5•7μ, to the nitrogen tetroxide molecule, and show that the other two bands were due to the molecule of nitrogen dioxide. A later investigation by Eva von Bahr confirmed these observations and disclosed another band due to the dioxide at 7•3μ. None of these investigators examined the region beyond 8 μ, and all the work was done using low dispersion. Recently Strong and Woo have examined the spectrum between 23 μ, and 150 μ, and find two main regions of absorption, one near 26 μ and 150 μ and the other around 80 μ. Experimental. The spectrometer used in the first survey of the spectrum was a prism instru­ment having a 60° rock salt prism in the Wadsworth mounting. Subsequently several of the bands were examined on grating instruments of high resolving power. The absorption cell used in the preliminary work was of brass, 20 cm. in length, and with rock salt windows. This cell was lagged with asbestos and could be heated electrically until the temperature of the gas which it contained was as high as 160° C. The absorption cell used in the examination of the individual bands was of glass, 10 cm. long, and with mica windows. For work in the region beyond 7 μ. the mica windows were replaced by ones of rock salt. The nitrogen peroxide was taken from a very pure sample specially prepared for research work. It was kept in a sealed pyrex tube as a liquid (under its own pressure) and the gas was transferred to the cells as required, drying tubes containing phosphorus pentoxide being used to avoid con­tamination from water vapour in the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Investigations in the infra-red region of the spectrum. Part II.—The absorption spectrum of sulphur dioxide

1930 ◽  
Vol 130 (812) ◽  
pp. 142-156 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Final Word ◽  
Molecular Constants ◽  
Order Of Accuracy ◽  
Moments Of Inertia ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
High Order Of Accuracy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Band Type

It has been pointed out that if the precautions indicated in the previous paper are carefully observed, a high order of accuracy in infra-red measurements can be obtained with a prism spectrometer. Although the final word at present rests with the grating instrument on account of its higher resolving power, nevertheless a deal of useful work remains to be done with prisms. A band can be located (generally a necessary process for a prism spectrometer before the grating can be applied), the band centre and band type can often be determined, and the molecular constants can be approximately deduced. It is proposed in these papers to examine the spectra of gases and vapours in which the molecure has three different moments of inertia. The rotational fine structure within a vibrational band due to an asymmetrical rotator is very complex and individual lines may lie so close and the constituent series so overlap that absorption may be practically continuous. The prism spectrometer enables the first step in the unravelling of the tangle to be accomplished, in that the envelope of the individual lines gives under favourable circumstances the branches of the Bjerrum doublets, and hence enables the moments of inertia to be determined and frequently provides a knowledge of what may be called the resultant electrical structure of the molecule.

High-resolution spectroscopy of minor atmospheric constituents

1956 ◽  
Vol 236 (1205) ◽  
pp. 159-160
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Vibrational Frequency ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
High Resolution Spectroscopy ◽  
Survey Article ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Scientific Station ◽  
The University

In a recent survey article, Goldberg (1954) gives a list of 127 molecular bands which have been observed in the absorption spectrum of the earth’s atmosphere by studying the solar spectrum between 0.3 and 24 μ . Among these, 35 bands are attributed to the following molecules: O 3 , N 2 O, CH 4 , HDO, CO. The main purpose of this contribution to the Discussion was to show several of these bands as they appear on solar spectrograms taken at the International Scientific Station, Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), in collaboration with Dr L. Neven of the Royal Observatory, Uccle (Belgium). The altitude of this station is 3580 m. It has been pointed out in earlier notes (Migeotte & Neven 1952 a, b ) that these data have been obtained, under high resolving power, by using the prism-grating infra-red spectrograph of the University of Liege (Migeotte 1945). Between 9.33 and 10.08 μ , our spectrograms show 320 lines which are mainly due to the fine structure of the 9.6 μ band of ozone (Migeotte, Neven & Vigroux 1952). Part of our data has been analyzed recently by Kaplan (1955), of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton (N. J.), U. S. A. A good fit for low J has been obtained with the following upper-state parameters: vibrational frequency v 3 1042.16 cm -1 ; rotational constants: A = 3.502 1 cm -1 , B = 0.440 1 cm -1 , C = 0.388 3 Cm -1 ; δ = 0.0166 34 .

Vibration-rotation bands of nitrous oxide

1951 ◽  
Vol 208 (1094) ◽  
pp. 326-331 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Microwave Measurements ◽  
Rotational Constants ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Vibration Rotation

The infra-red absorption of nitrous oxide gas near 4·5 μ has been re-investigated using high resolving power. The rotational fine structure has been split up and shown to involve two vibrational transitions, one due to absorption of a fundamental from the ground state, and the other to a π → π transition from an excited vibrational level. The transitions have been analyzed theoretically and rotational constants obtained. The results serve to emphasize the importance of using more precise wave-length standards for infra-red measurements than have been used hitherto, if the rotational constants are to be obtained with accuracy com­parable to that achieved by microwave measurements. Excellent agreement with the latter has now been found.

Vibration-rotation bands of methane

1952 ◽  
Vol 213 (1112) ◽  
pp. 42-54 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Vibration Rotation

The infra-red absorption spectrum of methane 12 CH 4 in the region of 3 μ has been re-investigated with higher resolving power than has been used previously. A very complex system of overlapping vibration bands has been revealed. The rotational fine structure of these bands has been partially analyzed, particularly having regard to the Coriolis interactions which occur in this case. The corresponding absorption bands of 13 CH 4 have also been examined.

scholarly journals Modeling and Analysis of Lean Manufacturing Strategies Using ISM-Fuzzy MICMAC Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohit Tyagi ◽  
◽  
Dilbagh Panchal ◽  
Deepak Kumar ◽  
R. S. Walia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lean Manufacturing ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Interpretive Structural Modeling ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Great Effectiveness ◽  
Individual Assessment ◽  
Fuzzy Micmac ◽  
The Individual

The current research work deals with an identification of different lean strategies and extraction to relevant strategies after discussion with experts and gives the answer of a question “how lean manufacturing strategies can help the organization to enhance the efficiency of the organization with great effectiveness?” In this research work, thirty-six lean strategies have been identified and out of which thirteen lean strategies were filtered in respect of highly importance value by factor analysis using software SPSS 21. Further, to identify and analyze the inter-relationship among filtered strategies, an Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) with Fuzzy Matriced’ Impacts Croise´s Multiplication Applique´e a UN Classement (MICMAC) approach has been used. Fuzzy MICMAC help to understand the dependence and driver’s power of the lean strategies. The mutual importance of extracted strategies has been discussed through developing the ISM model and the individual assessment of each strategy with each of the other strategies has been derived using the Fuzzy MICMAC approach.

scholarly journals The Theme of Loneliness and Perseverance in Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and ‘The Wall’ by Marlene Haushofer

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 136-142
Author(s):  
Hilda Jeyakumari Brainee
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
The Individual

The current research has been developed to conduct a comparative analysis between the writings of Daniel Defoe and Marlene Haushofer. Each of the writing has been developed to highlight the various factors of life like society, individuality, isolation, and loneliness. In his writing, Daniel Defoe’s showed how people could take the driving position of life for control over loneliness. On the other hand, Marlene Haushofer in her writing showed the interconnection between modernized lifestyle and developing chances of loneliness. Both of the writers by their writing explore and depict the consequences and probability of different livelihoods. Research has been developed in the form so that the reason and the way of getting solutions over it will be in aligned form. Maintaining the logical sequences in the research work is essential to establish authenticity in research work. It enhances the reliability of the research result. Descriptive research methodology has been used in the research to understand the scope of progressing research work efficiency. Data collection has been done considering the secondary method. The research paper has been reviewed thoroughly to better understand the narrative style and the theme of writing. After the collection has been made, all of the data has been monitored to check their impact on the practical life of the individual. Research result has been provided with the multiple scopes for solution implication. Self-help along with professional scope has been analysed to make the conclusion more informative. The tracking and monitoring process has been highlighted in the discussion part to highlight the implication scope for health workers. On the other hand, it has provided hope for self-monitoring in terms of self-help to get better access to their lives. Phenomenological impact and personality resilience have been monitored to evaluate their impact in developing the consequences of loneliness in individual life. From the research analysis and findings, it has been concluded that self-monitoring and a suitable living environment are the best options to eradicate the chances of loneliness development.

scholarly journals The structure of the molecule of nitrogen dioxide from a study of its infra-red absorption spectrum

1934 ◽  
Vol 145 (854) ◽  
pp. 278-287 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Absorption Band ◽  
Carbon Disulphide ◽  
High Dispersion ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Nitrogen Tetroxide ◽  
Triangular Form ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
A Cell

In a previous paper, which gave an account of work on the infra-red absorption spectrum of nitrogen tetroxide there was necessarily included a preliminary survey of the spectrum of the dioxide, but no detailed description was given of the absorption bands, nor was any attempt made to deduce the structure of this molecule. Since that paper was communicated several other investigators have published accounts of work on the infra-red and electronic spectra of these two molecules and conflicting views have been expressed regarding the structure of the dioxide molecule. Bailey and Cassie ( loc. cit. ) have favoured a liner symmetrical structure resembling that of carbon dioxide or carbon disulphide, while Harris, Benedict and King and also Schaffert ( loc. cit. ) have contended that the form of the molecule is triangular with the nitrogen atom at the apex of an isosceles triangle. None of these workers report having examined any of the infra-red bands under high dispersion, although the contours of two of the strongest of the dioxide bands were reported by Bailey and Cassie. Yet a detailed knowledge of any possible fine structure in the strongest bands and of the contours of at least some of the weaker bands is of supreme importance in deciding the structure of the molecule. The purpose of the present paper is to give an account of the examination of the infra-red spectrum of the dioxide under high dispersion and from a critical discussion of the present date to show that all the evidence is in favour of this molecule having a triangular form. Experimental . For details of the experimental procedure the reader is referred to the earlier paper on nitrogen tetroxide and Table I contains a list of the observed bands as there given. Since the examination of the absorption beyond 1450 cm. -1 was done using a cell with rock-salt windows, it was not possible at that time to decide whether the absorption near 1350 cm. -1 was a true absorption band of NO 2 or whether it was due to the sodium nitrite which formed on the windows of the cell. The work of Schaffert ( loc. cit. ) in which a cell with very thin mica windows was used proves beyond doubt that there is an absorption band of NO 2 at 1373 cm. -1 . Again our observations were confined to wave-lengths less than 14 μ so we did not observe the absorption, which has also been confirmed by Schaffert ( loc. cit. ), reported by Bailey and Cassie ( loc. cit. ) at 15⋅6 μ (641 cm. -1 ).

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

Writing in Aphasia Rehabilitation: Cursive vs Manuscript

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Boone ◽  
Harold M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Read Number

Reading and writing performance was observed in 30 adult aphasic patients to determine whether there was a significant difference when stimuli and manual responses were varied in the written form: cursive versus manuscript. Patients were asked to read aloud 10 words written cursively and 10 words written in manuscript form. They were then asked to write on dictation 10 word responses using cursive writing and 10 words using manuscript writing. Number of words correctly read, number of words correctly written, and number of letters correctly written in the proper sequence were tallied for both cursive and manuscript writing tasks for each patient. Results indicated no significant difference in correct response between cursive and manuscript writing style for these aphasic patients as a group; however, it was noted that individual patients varied widely in their success using one writing form over the other. It appeared that since neither writing form showed better facilitation of performance, the writing style used should be determined according to the individual patient’s own preference and best performance.

Margaret Mahy: An Adlerian Reading

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-199
Author(s):  
KATHRYN WALLS
Keyword(s):  
Young Female ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Psychology ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Alfred Adler ◽  
Female Protagonists ◽  
Magical Power ◽  
Margaret Mahy ◽  
The Individual

According to the ‘Individual Psychology’ of Alfred Adler (1870–1937), Freud's contemporary and rival, everyone seeks superiority. But only those who can adapt their aspirations to meet the needs of others find fulfilment. Children who are rejected or pampered are so desperate for superiority that they fail to develop social feeling, and endanger themselves and society. This article argues that Mahy's realistic novels invite Adlerian interpretation. It examines the character of Hero, the elective mute who is the narrator-protagonist of The Other Side of Silence (1995) , in terms of her experience of rejection. The novel as a whole, it is suggested, stresses the destructiveness of the neurotically driven quest for superiority. Turning to Mahy's supernatural romances, the article considers novels that might seem to resist the Adlerian template. Focusing, in particular, on the young female protagonists of The Haunting (1982) and The Changeover (1984), it points to the ways in which their magical power is utilised for the sake of others. It concludes with the suggestion that the triumph of Mahy's protagonists lies not so much in their generally celebrated ‘empowerment’, as in their transcendence of the goal of superiority for its own sake.

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