Peer review declaration

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Type of peer review: Single-blind • Conference submission management system: The submission process had no a software system. Call-for-paper was placed on the Conference web page (https://pasd-conf.ru/), the papers were submitted via e-mail. The reviews were asked and received via e-mails of Editors. • Number of submissions received: 68 • Number of submissions sent for review: 61 • Number of submissions accepted: 48 • Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted/Number of Submissions Received X 100): 71% • Average number of reviews per paper: 1.6 • Total number of reviewers involved: 866 • Any additional info on review process: The consideration of the submitted manuscript included independent peer review process. We invited the reviewers from Russia, France, China, Turkestan, Iran, India, Ukraine, Georgia, Denmark, Slovak Republic, Germany, Sudan, Australia, Italy, Switzerland, USA, Kenya, Thailand, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Indonesia, Singapore, Japan, Mexico, Malaysia, Sweden, Canada, Turkey, and Ghana. Reviewers gave their view and remarks for each paper. All reviewers were asked to provide within three weeks a detailed review with comments for authors and editors and evaluate paper taking into account Quality Criteria (originality motivation, repetition, and length of the paper), Presentation Criteria (title, abstract, methods, diagrams, figures, tables, and conclusion), and Technical Criteria (scientific merit, clarity of expression, communication of ideas, readability and discussion of concepts, and English). • Contact person for queries: Dr. Anna Godymchuk, Tobolsk Complex Scientific Station, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tobolsk, Russian Federation, [email protected] Dr. Anton Stepanov, Chuvash State Agricultural Academy, Cheboksary, Russian Federation [email protected]

Peculiarity of the use of pseudonoise signals in electrical prospecting equipment

The article provides a practical assessment of the effectiveness of the use of electrical prospecting equipment with pseudonoise sounding signals based on the results of field experiments with a new electrical prospecting measuring complex developed at the Scientific Station of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Two main sources of interference are considered, limiting the possibilities of effective use of pseudonoise signals in electrical prospecting equipment: “structural disturbances”, manifested in the process of correlation processing of recorded signals and interference, the source of which is an industrial power network with a frequency of 50 Hz. Methods of reducing the influence of the above noises on the sounding curve obtained during data processing are considered using specially developed algorithms for eliminating “structural disturbances” and suppressing residual noise and interference.

Peer review declaration

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Type of peer review: Single-blind • Conference submission management system: The submission processing had no a software system. Call-for-paper was placed on the Conference web page, the papers were submitted via e-mail. The reviews were asked and received via e-mails. • Number of submissions received: 118 • Number of submissions sent for review: 104 • Number of submissions accepted: 93 • Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 79% • Average number of reviews per paper: 1.9 • Total number of reviewers involved: 1,433 • Any additional info on review process: The consideration of the submitted manuscript included independent peer review process. At least two reviewers gave their view and remarks for each paper. All reviewers were asked to provide a detailed review with comments for authors and editors and evaluate paper taking into account the questions list (Is this work novel? Is this work scientifically correct (the experimental procedure and sequence)? Does the subject significantly advance research in the fields of research? Does it have high scientific quality? Does this work have significant proof to verify the primary hypothesis? Is this work incremental? Is the paper clearly written, concise and understandable? Should the English be improved? Is the paper scientifically sound and not misleading?). All reviewers also were asked to provide their recommendations about paper acceptance (to publish the paper “as is”; to publish the paper after minor revision; to publish the paper after major revision; to reject the paper). • Contact person for queries: Dr. Anna Godymchuk, Tobolsk Complex Scientific Station, [email protected] Prof. Svetlana Morkovina, Vice-rector of Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, Russia [email protected]

ABOUT ONE WAY OF ORGANIZATION UNIFIED SYSTEM FOR REGISTRATION OF SPACE RAYS

At present, at the high-mountain scientific station for the study of the physics of cosmic rays, various, independently operating unique experimental installations are used. The article discusses the ways and methods of combining these installations into a single system, which includes networks of scintillation detectors of the "carpet" type for registration of the electron-photon component, ground and underground monitors for registration of neutron components, calorimeters, Cherenkov detectors, a scintillation spectrometer and a number of other subsystems. The newly created unified system for registering cosmic rays based on the achievements of modern technology and scientific thought will have a high resolution, with a common databank with synchronization in time of operation of separate, independently operating experimental installations. The solution to this problem will make it possible to perform a detailed analysis of the recorded events from a single position, to carry out complex calculations of the spatial distribution, mass composition, and also the energy structure of cosmic rays with a high degree of accuracy.

Accounting for meteorological effects in the detector of the charged component of cosmic rays

In this paper, we discuss the influence of meteorological effects on the data of the ground installation CARPET, which is a detector of the charged component of secondary cosmic rays (CRs). This device is designed in the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute (LPI, Moscow, Russia) and installed at the Dolgoprudny scientific station (Dolgoprudny, Moscow region; 55.56∘ N, 37.3∘ E; geomagnetic cutoff rigidity (Rc = 2.12 GV) in 2017. Based on the data obtained in 2019–2020, the barometric and temperature correction coefficients for the CARPET installation were determined. The barometric coefficient was calculated from the data of the barometric pressure sensor included in the installation. To determine the temperature effect, we used the data of upper-air sounding of the atmosphere obtained by the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Central Aerological Observatory” (CAO), also located in Dolgoprudny. Upper-air sounds launch twice a day and can reach an altitude of more than 30 km.

High-Throughput Griess Assay of Nitrite and Nitrate in Plasma and Red Blood Cells for Human Physiology Studies under Extreme Conditions

The metabolism of nitric oxide plays an increasingly interesting role in the physiological response of the human body to extreme environmental conditions, such as underwater, in an extremely cold climate, and at low oxygen concentrations. Field studies need the development of analytical methods to measure nitrite and nitrate in plasma and red blood cells with high requirements of accuracy, precision, and sensitivity. An optimized spectrophotometric Griess method for nitrite–nitrate affords sensitivity in the low millimolar range and precision within ±2 μM for both nitrite and nitrate, requiring 100 μL of scarcely available plasma sample or less than 50 μL of red blood cells. A scheduled time-efficient procedure affords measurement of as many as 80 blood samples, with combined nitrite and nitrate measurement in plasma and red blood cells. Performance and usefulness were tested in pilot studies that use blood fractions deriving from subjects who dwelt in an Antarctica scientific station and on breath-holding and scuba divers who performed training at sea and in a land-based deep pool facility. The method demonstrated adequate to measure low basal concentrations of nitrite and high production of nitrate as a consequence of water column pressure-triggered vasodilatation in deep-water divers.

Accounting for meteorological effects in the the detector of the charged component of cosmic rays

In this paper, we discuss the influence of meteorological effects on the data of the ground installation CARPET, which is a detector of the charged component of secondary cosmic rays (CRs). This device is designed in the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute (LPI, Moscow, Russia) and installed at the Dolgoprudny scientific station (Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, S55.56 °, W37.3 °; Rc = 2.12 GV) in 2017. Based on the data obtained in 2019–2020, the barometric and temperature coefficients for the CARPET installation were determined. The barometric coefficient was calculated from the data of the barometric pressure sensor included in the installation. To determine the temperature effect, we used the data of upper-air sounding of the atmosphere obtained by the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Central Aerological Observatory» (CAO), also located in Dolgoprudny.

THE NOVOROSSIYSK BIOLOGICAL SCIENTIFIC STATION’S HISTORY (1920–1970)

The article deals with the history of the creation and activity of the Novorossiysk Biological Scientific Station from the moment of the project's inception in 1920 to the transition to the management of the Kuban State University in 1972. The first years of its work were very difficult. The station did not have its own accommodation, equipment was poor. There were only two employees on the staff. It was almost impossible to work in such conditions. Thanks to the painstaking work of Professor V.M. Arnoldi, as well as his followers, scientists V.A. Vodyanitsky and N.V. Morozova-Vodyanitskaya, scientific research was carried out at the Station from the first days.In the following years, the content of the material and technical base changed qualitatively, which allowed scientists to conduct research in the field of phycology, ichthyology, zoology, botany, hydrology, and meteorology. The names of scientists are associated with the history of the Station: S.M. Malyatsky, N.M. Knipovich, E.A. Poteryaev, E.I. Drapkin, E.S. Zinova, A.A. Kalugina-Gutnik, S.G. Kryzhanovsky, S.K. Troitsky, V.L. Komarov and many others.The paper explains the sequence of subordination of the Station to various organizations in the historical perspective. Finally, it is concluded that scientists of the Novorossiysk Biological Station from the first days of its foundation were engaged in research in two main areas: academic and applied. Despite the fact that during certain periods of the Station's operation, the solution of practical problems in order to optimize economic activity in the sea area was considered primary, fundamental research never stopped.

Determination of Stomatic Density, Index, and Area as Exposition Biomarkers of Pollution in Deschampsia Antárctica Desv. (Poaceae)

Deschampsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae) is the only native grass described so far for Antarctica, with a distribution mainly centered on the Antarctic Peninsula. The plants were collected at Argentinian Scientific Station Carlini, 25 de Mayo (King George) Island, to determine and evaluate in their leaves: the stomatic index (SI), density (SD), and area (SA) as pollution biomarkers. Samples were taken within the Station's influence area: (A) Supply Area (loading and unloading of fuel and supplies), (B) the area adjacent to the Electric Power Station, and (C) area of Fuel Tanks. Besides, other samples were taken from a pristine area called Peñon 7 (D). The results of SD showed significant differences only on the leaf abaxial face from the plants of the 4 studied sites: Peñón 7 (57.36 ± 2.03), Supply Area (61.30 ± 2.32), Electric Power Station adjacent area (69.56 ± 2.23) and Fuel Tanks area (80.11 ± 2.42). The SI as well as the SA did not have significant differences (p > 0.05) for all the analyzed sites. However, correlation analyses between SD and SI showed a positive and significant association only for the leaf adaxial face from all sites. From the obtained results, we could suggest that the correlation (SD-SI) on the adaxial side of the leaves was a good biomarker to estimate the degree of anthropogenic impact in each studied area.