An anatomical study of the abdominal muscular, nervous and respiratory systems of the praying mantid, Hierodula membranacea (Burmeister)

1987 ◽  
Vol 229 (1257) ◽  
pp. 415-438 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Body Segments ◽  
Peripheral Neurons ◽  
Praying Mantid ◽  
Longitudinal Layer ◽  
Nerve Anastomoses

The musculature of a typical (fourth) abdominal segment of the praying mantid, Hierodula membranacea (Burmeister), consists of 15 pairs of muscles, which can be divided into three groups: tergals, sternals and laterals. The tergals and sternals are arranged in two broad, flat layers: the internal longitudinal layer and the external longitudinal oblique layer. The laterals are a diverse group but can be divided broadly into ‘vertical segmentals’ (the cylindrical tergosternal muscles and the broad, flat tergosternal muscle) and ‘oblique intersegmentals’ (the narrow, flat tergosternal muscles and the pleurotergal muscle). There are four abdominal ganglia, the first three of which give rise to a pair of lateral nerves, which bifurcate after a short distance to form an anterior and a posterior branch, and an unpaired median nerve, which divides to form a pair of transverse nerves. A description is given of the innervation fields of the nerves in the fourth abdominal segment. Several peripheral nerve anastomoses are described and labelled with the aid of ‘symbolic landmark’ and ‘nominal’ systems of nomenclature. Three peripheral neurons are also described. There are ten pairs of spiracles located laterally on the body segments: two pairs of external thoracic spiracles and eight pairs of internal abdominal spiracles. Lateral longitudinal trunks, tergal and sternal longitudinal and transverse trunks and visceral trunks serve to interlink the spiracles.

Rattlesnake strike behavior: kinematics

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
K V Kardong ◽  
V L Bels
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Predatory Behavior ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Postures ◽  
Body Segments ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
High Speed Film ◽  
Rodent Prey ◽  
Subsequent Loss

The predatory behavior of rattlesnakes includes many distinctive preparatory phases leading to an extremely rapid strike, during which venom is injected. The rodent prey is then rapidly released, removing the snake's head from retaliation by the prey. The quick action of the venom makes possible the recovery of the dispatched prey during the ensuing poststrike period. The strike is usually completed in less than 0.5 s, placing a premium on an accurate strike that produces no significant errors in fang placement that could result in poor envenomation and subsequent loss of the prey. To clarify the basis for effective strike performance, we examined the basic kinematics of the rapid strike using high-speed film analysis. We scored numerous strike variables. Four major results were obtained. (1) Neurosensory control of the strike is based primarily upon sensory inputs via the eyes and facial pits to launch the strike, and upon tactile stimuli after contact. Correction for errors in targeting occurs not by a change in strike trajectory, but by fang repositioning after the jaws have made contact with the prey. (2) The rattlesnake strike is based upon great versatility and variation in recruitment of body segments and body postures. (3) Forces generated during acceleration of the head are transferred to posterior body sections to decelerate the head before contact with the prey, thereby reducing impact forces upon the snake's jaws. (4) Body acceleration is based on two patterns of body displacement, one in which acute sections of the body open like a gate, the other in which body segments flow around postural curves similar to movements seen during locomotion. There is one major implication of these results: recruitment of body segments, launch postures and kinematic features of the strike may be quite varied from strike to strike, but the overall predatory success of each strike by a rattlesnake is very consistent. <P>

The restrictive effect of early exposure to lithium upon body pattern in Xenopus development, studied by quantitative anatomy and immunofluorescence

Development ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cooke ◽  
E.J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
The Body ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Fate Map ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Quantitative Anatomy ◽  
Body Pattern

We have carried out an anatomical study of Xenopus larval and gastrula stages resulting from treatment of synchronous early blastulae for brief periods with Li+. We confirm the proposal that such treatment causes a particular transformation, and partial elimination, of the normal body pattern. Coordinated restriction of pattern, without appreciable loss of cell number, is seen in all three germ layers. The distortion has been investigated by quantitative study of mesoderms at a standard stage, in relation to the normal fate map for mesoderm, and with the help of immunofluorescence on sections for somitic muscle and for blood. In the extreme syndrome, mesoderm arises from all around the blastula as usual, but is symmetrical and corresponds to that arising near the dorsal/anterior meridian of the normally specified egg or embryo with a large posterior subset of the normal pattern values thus missing. The effect is independent of any inhibition of archenteron formation or mesoderm migration (i.e. the cell mechanics of gastrulation) incurred by the treatment. It is also quite separate from a syndrome caused by more prolonged exposure to Li+ during gastrulation. A small, but distinctive, anterior pattern region is also not expressed and, anomalously in relation to their general nature, these forms differentiate considerable blood tissue. We consider the implications of some details of the pattern restriction for our understanding of interaction in the normal development and propose that the Li+ embryo is likely to be useful as a specific ‘differential screen’, in relation to the normal, during the search for those gene products that mediate initial regionalization of the body.

scholarly journals Tribute to the dissected corpses: the anatomic symbol - a review of the anatomic symbol

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (02) ◽  
pp. 098-103
Author(s):  
E. Fontes ◽  
B. Precht ◽  
M. Babinski ◽  
R. Cisne
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Vitruvian Man ◽  
Different Origins

Abstract Introduction: The anatomical science has many stages in its history and different origins that makes it hard to define a universal symbol among anatomists. Discussion: Many anatomical schools have adopted the Leonardo Da Vinci's drawing called “Vitruvian Man” as the symbol of the modern anatomy. However, this draw brings a symmetric view of the body within the mathematical proportions of the segments. Nevertheless, the anatomical study element is not symmetric and has a single architecture with beautiful harmony among its components. This element, the cadaver is the biggest treasure of the anatomical science and depository of all truths. Conclusion: This current work represents a tribute to the dissected cadaver, concerning it immeasurable value to the anatomist and the traditional use of it in anatomy department pointing to the new perspectives for academic and artistic conceptions of the human body.

Two genera of Panchaetothripinae newly recorded from China, with first description of males of Opimothrips tubulatus (Thysanoptera, Thripidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4567 (3) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
YANLAN XIE ◽  
YAJIN LI ◽  
ZHENGYUE LI ◽  
HONGRUI ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Old World ◽  
Old World Tropics

The subfamily Panchaetothripinae comprises 40 extant genera worldwide (ThripsWiki 2019), although only 15 genera are previously recorded from China (Mirab-balou et al. 2016; Li et al. 2018). Panchaetothripinae thrips are characterized by the strong reticulations on the body and leg. Wilson (1975) recognized three tribes in this subfamily, Panchaetothripini, Monilothripini and Tryphactothripini, but only tribe Tryphactothripini was relatively supported based on morphological characters (Mound et al. 2001). Species in this Tribe have abdominal segment II constricted at the base and bearing laterally patches of strong ridges, wart-like tubercles or stoutly recurved microtrichia, and abdominal segment X tends to be asymmetrical. Recently, two further genera of Tryphactothripini were found in Southern China, Noathrips and Opimothrips. These two monotypic genera are reported only from the Old World tropics, Noathrips from India and Sri Lanka, and Opimothrips only from Thailand (Bhatti 1967; Kudô 1979; Nonaka & Okajima 1992). The purpose of this paper is to record these two genera from China, together with the first description of the male of Opimothrips tubulatus. 

Biodynamic Characteristics of Upper Limb Reaching Movements of the Seated Human Under Whole-Body Vibration

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heon-Jeong Kim ◽  
Bernard J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Whole Body Vibration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vibration Transmission ◽  
Body Vibration ◽  
Body Segments ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
Reach Movements

Simulation of human movements is an essential component for proactive ergonomic analysis and biomechanical model development (Chaffin, 2001). Most studies on reach kinematics have described human movements in a static environment, however the models derived from these studies cannot be applied to the analysis of human reach movements in vibratory environments such as in-vehicle operations. This study analyzes three-dimensional joint kinematics of the upper extremity in reach movements performed in static and specific vibratory conditions and investigates vibration transmission to shoulder, elbow, and hand along the body path during pointing tasks. Thirteen seated subjects performed reach movements to five target directions distributed in their right hemisphere. The results show similarities in the characteristics of movement patterns and reach trajectories of upper body segments for static and dynamic environments. In addition, vibration transmission through upper body segments is affected by vibration frequency, direction, and location of the target to be reached. Similarities in the pattern of movement trajectories revealed by filtering vibration-induced oscillations indicate that coordination strategy may not be drastically different in static and vibratory environments. This finding may facilitate the development of active biodynamic models to predict human performance and behavior under whole body vibration exposure.

Autoimmune connective tissue diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
Ishita Patel ◽  
Alia Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Connective Tissue Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Connective Tissues

Connective tissue diseases are a rare and diverse group of disorders that result in pathology of the connective tissues of the body. This article focuses on the systemic autoimmune connective tissue diseases, and aims to provide a practical overview of these conditions for use in primary care.

A New Type of Luminescence in Fishes, III. The Gland in Cœlorhynchus cœlorhynchus Risso

1931 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 853-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. Hickling
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Opening ◽  
Secretory Epithelium ◽  
New Type

The luminiferous organ of the Macrurid fish Cœlorhynchus cœlorhynchus Risso is described in this paper. It consists of a gland, flattened dorsoventrally, placed in the body-wall, just in front of the pelvic fins. The secretory epithelium is thrown into a series of tubules, projecting downwards from the roof of the gland into a system of collecting spaces: the latter are confluent, posteriorly, with a duct which leads backwards, between the pelvic fins, to the anus. Blind pouches, which run upwards for a short distance beside the rectum, arise from the duct at its external opening at the anus.

Neuropathic Vs. Nociceptive Pain in Adolescent Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Evaluated by a Computer-Based Self-Assessment Pain Tool.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 2576-2576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Labotka ◽  
Robert E. Molokie ◽  
A. Kyle Mack ◽  
Alexis A Thompson ◽  
Young Ok Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nociceptive Pain ◽  
Mcgill Pain Questionnaire ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Body Segments ◽  
Computer Based

Abstract Abstract 2576 Poster Board II-553 Pain remains the most frustrating and debilitating symptom of sickle cell disease (SCD). Yet, because pain is a perception of a sensation, objective assessment of pain remains elusive. In order to achieve adequate pain control, it is imperative that the patient be able to effectively communicate with the physician regarding the extent, severity and quality of the pain, as well as the response of the pain to the therapeutic intervention. Moreover, SCD pain may have two components, nociceptive (due to organ/tissue injury) and neuropathic (due to somatosensory system lesion or disease), with differing pathophysiologies, and differing responses to pain medications. PAINReportIt® is a multi-dimensional computerized, self-assessment pain reporting tool based on the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). The MPQ has been validated for adolescents and adults. However, the PAINReportIt®, which was developed originally for the evaluation of cancer pain, has not previously been used in adolescents, nor in the study of adolescents' SCD pain. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency with which pain experienced in various body areas by adolescents and young adults had characteristics consistent with nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Methods. Inclusion criteria included an SCD diagnosis (SS, SC or S-beta thal) and age at least 14 years. Patients attending two pediatric/adolescent comprehensive sickle cell clinics were invited to participate. Consenting subjects were first instructed and then allowed to complete the PAINReportIt® tool, in which they marked their painful sites on a graphic body outline, selected pain quality descriptors from word lists provided by the computer, and for each site they matched each site to the pain quality descriptors that represented the site. The descriptors included sensory descriptors that are known to be characteristic of either neuropathic pain or nociceptive pain. Results. PAINReportIt® tools were completed by 49 SCD subjects, whose ages ranged from 14 to 27 years (mean, 18 +/− 2.6 years). For analysis, the body was divided into nine segments, and the computer analyzed the marked painful body outline sites and identified the body segments involved. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the frequency for which each body segment included a painful site, and the frequencies for which that site was characterized as having neuropathic or nociceptive pain qualities, or both. These results are summarized in the Table below. As the Table shows, virtually all body segments were frequently involved with pain, the upper back and legs being the most frequently reported, and the lower back the least (Column 1). For body segments reported as painful, few were reported as having only nociceptive (Column 2) or neuropathic (Column 3) pain qualities. The majority of painful sites were described by subjects as having mixed pain qualities (Column 4). As Column 5 shows, from 76% to 100% of all painful sites were characterized as having a neuropathic pain component. When the number of descriptors associated with each site was reviewed (data not shown), the right leg was matched to the largest number of neuropathic descriptors (Aching, Burning, Cold, Drilling, Flickering, Numb, Penetrating, Radiating, Shooting, Spreading, Tight, Tingling). The upper back was matched to the largest number of nociceptive descriptors (Beating, Cramping, Crushing, Gnawing, Hurting, Piercing, Pounding, Pressing, Pulsing, Sharp, Sore, Splitting, Squeezing, Tender, Throbbing). Conclusions. When utilizing a computer-based self-reporting pain tool, SCD patients overwhelmingly describe a neuropathic component to their pain as well as a nociceptive component. The high frequency of neuropathic pain has been underappreciated, and this may contribute to the difficulty in managing sickle cell pain, since this pain component is not well controlled by opioid analgesics. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals XIX. The Croonian lecture - Observations on the locomotor system of echinodermata

1881 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 829-885 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Locomotor System ◽  
Plaster Of Paris ◽  
Respiratory Tree ◽  
Space Plate ◽  
Stone Canal ◽  
Brick Dust

1. Holothuria.— When a longitudinal incision is made through the perisome of a Holothurian ( Holothuria communis ) there is generally seen escaping, along with the branches of the respiratory tree and genital gland, a long sacculated tube filled with a fluid, and holding in suspension a large quantity of a brick-dust coloured pigment. This tube, which may be one-and-a-half times the length of the entire animal, and from one line to half-an-inch in diameter, is the polian vesicle (Plate 79, fig. 1, a ). On following it upwards it is found to open freely into a wide circular canal (Plate 7 9, fig. 1, b ) a short distance from the termination of the stone canal. From this circular canal five lozenge-shaped sinuses (Plate 79, fig. 1, c ) project forwards, and from each of these two large oval sinuses (Plate 79, fig. 1, d ) run forwards parallel with each other, the ten oval sinuses becoming continuous with the hollow stems of the tentacles (Plate 79, fig. 1, e ). In a Holothurian 8 inches in length, exclusive of the tentacles, the lozenge-shaped sinuses, which may be designated the sinuses of the circular canal, measure a quarter of an inch from above downwards and a little more from side to side. From around the pointed upper ends of the canal sinuses the five longitudinal muscular bands take their origin. When a solution of Berlin blue is injected into the polian vesicle, the circular canal and its sinuses, the oval sinuses and tentacles, the radial canals, pedicels and ampullæ are rapidly distended; but, unless the pressure be kept up for a considerable time, none of the coloured fluid penetrates into the stone canal, and either the vesicle, ring, or one of the sinuses gives way before it reaches the madreporic plate. If one of the radial canals be divided while the injection is being proceeded with, the coloured fluid at once escapes, and the tension within the polian vesicle, the circular canal, and the tentacles is diminished. If plaster of Paris be substituted for the solution of Berlin blue, a cast is readily obtained of the circular canal and its sinuses, but the plaster does not find its way either into the sinuses of the tentacles or into the radial canals. When, however, a coloured solution of gelatine is forced into the polian vesicle, the tentacles and their sinuses, the radial canals, ampullæ, and pedicels are filled, as well as the circular canal and its sinuses. Examination of specimens injected with plaster of Paris and gelatine shows the circular canal to be a quarter of an inch in diameter, and to communicate freely both with the polian vesicle and with the lozenge-shaped sinuses springing from it. The specimens injected with a gelatine mass further show that each canal sinus opens into a cæcal tube, which runs forward internal to the sinuses of the tentacles as far as a wide circum-oral space (Plate 79, fig. 2, a ). This space communicates by well-defined apertures (Plate 79, fig. 3, b ), with that portion of the body cavity which lies between the sinuses and the œsophagus, and which is reached through the circular apertures between the sinuses of the circular canal (Plate 79, fig. 1, f ).

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