scholarly journals Farming behaviour of reef fishes increases the prevalence of coral disease associated microbes and black band disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1788) ◽  
pp. 20141032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan M. Casey ◽  
Tracy D. Ainsworth ◽  
J. Howard Choat ◽  
Sean R. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Coral Disease ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Black Band Disease ◽  
High Sequence Similarity ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Disease Surveys ◽  
Black Band ◽  
Coral Health

Microbial community structure on coral reefs is strongly influenced by coral–algae interactions; however, the extent to which this influence is mediated by fishes is unknown. By excluding fleshy macroalgae, cultivating palatable filamentous algae and engaging in frequent aggression to protect resources, territorial damselfish (f. Pomacentridae), such as Stegastes , mediate macro-benthic dynamics on coral reefs and may significantly influence microbial communities. To elucidate how Stegastes apicalis and Stegastes nigricans may alter benthic microbial assemblages and coral health, we determined the benthic community composition (epilithic algal matrix and prokaryotes) and coral disease prevalence inside and outside of damselfish territories in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed distinct bacterial communities associated with turf algae and a two to three times greater relative abundance of phylotypes with high sequence similarity to potential coral pathogens inside Stegastes 's territories. These potentially pathogenic phylotypes (totalling 30.04% of the community) were found to have high sequence similarity to those amplified from black band disease (BBD) and disease affected corals worldwide. Disease surveys further revealed a significantly higher occurrence of BBD inside S. nigricans 's territories. These findings demonstrate the first link between fish behaviour, reservoirs of potential coral disease pathogens and the prevalence of coral disease.

scholarly journals Scleractinian Coral Health Status of Padang Shelf Reef System, West Sumatera, Indonesia (Status Kesehatan Karang Skleraktinian pada Sistem Terumbu Karang Pesisir di Perairan Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia)

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Ofri Johan ◽  
Amran R Syam
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Coral Disease ◽  
Patch Reef ◽  
Black Band Disease ◽  
White Syndrome ◽  
Reef System ◽  
Black Band ◽  
Coral Health ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Pocillopora Verrucosa

Prevalensi penyakit karang sebelumnya belum dilaporkan di perairan Padang, Sumatera Barat. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan prevalensi penyakit karang pada lokasi yang dekat dengan pantai, pertengahan dan lokasi terluar, dimana lokasi tersebut merupakan lokasi pemantauan yang berkesinambungan sejak tahun 1994 untuk data kondisi karang. Metode pengamatan yang digunakan adalah metode transek sabuk dengan ukuran 1 m kekiri dan kekanan transek garis yang memiliki panjang 30 m dan 3 ulangan. Dua jenis penyakit dan dua indicator stress karang teramati pada penelitian ini. Penyakit karang sabuk hitam (Black Band Disease, BBD) yang banyak ditemukan di Pulau Pandan (1.3%) pada kedalam 5 m. Penyakit White Syndrome (WS) terjadi di Gosong Air (0.3%). Beberapa koloni karang Montipora sp. dan Pocillopora verrucosa mengalami pemutihan di Pulau Pieh (2.1%).Focal bleaching ditemukan pada karang Galaxea sp. dan Goniastrea sp. di Gosong Gabuo (2.5%) dan pada karang Pocillopora verrucosa di Gosong Sipakal (3.9%). Penyakit BBD menginfeksi karang Montipora sp. dan Porites sp. Penyakit WS hanya menginfeksi karang Montipora sp. Karang Montipora sp, Pocillopora sp dan Porites sp banyak dan umum ditemukan di perairan Padang. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa infeksi penyakit karang masih tergolong rendah dan secara alamiah bisa terjadi sehingga tidak menghalangi proses pemulihan kondisi karang yang saat ini terjadi dan secara umum pada status kesehatan karang. Kata kunci: coral disease, black band disease, white syndrome, Sumatera Barat The prevalence of coral disease was previously unreported on the reefs of the Padang Shelf Reef System, West Sumatra and is relatively uncommon. The objective of this study was to get coral disease prevalence of each site which located at inshore, mid-shelf reef and off-shore reefs. The research was carried out by using belt transect method with 1 m left and right of tape as long 30 m with 3 replications. Two kinds of coral disease and two indicators of stressed coral were observed. While relatively infrequent, Black Band Disease was most common (1.3%) occurring on Pandan Island at 5m. White Syndrome occurred at Air patch reef (0.3%). A few bleached colonies of Montipora sp. and Pocillopora verrucosa were observed on Pieh Island reef (2.1%). Focal bleaching was observed on Galaxea sp. and Goniastrea sp. at Gabuo patch reefs (2.5%) and on Pocillopora verrucosa at Sipakal patch reef (3.9%). BBD infected both Montipora sp. and Porites sp. WS only infected on Montipora sp. Montipora, Pocillopora and Porites were the most common genera observed on the reefs. It suggests that coral disease infection was classified as a minor and it will not hamper coral recovery processes and coral health status in Padang Waters, West Sumatera. Keywords: coral disease, black band disease, white syndrome, West Sumatera

scholarly journals Coral Disease Diagnostics: What's between a Plague and a Band?

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 981-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Ainsworth ◽  
E. Kramasky-Winter ◽  
Y. Loya ◽  
O. Hoegh-Guldberg ◽  
M. Fine
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Coral Disease ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Black Band Disease ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
Tropical Oceans ◽  
Disease Diagnostics ◽  
Black Band ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Extensive Necrosis

ABSTRACT Recently, reports of coral disease have increased significantly across the world's tropical oceans. Despite increasing efforts to understand the changing incidence of coral disease, very few primary pathogens have been identified, and most studies remain dependent on the external appearance of corals for diagnosis. Given this situation, our current understanding of coral disease and the progression and underlying causes thereof is very limited. In the present study, we use structural and microbial studies to differentiate different forms of black band disease: atypical black band disease and typical black band disease. Atypical black band diseased corals were infected with the black band disease microbial consortium yet did not show any of the typical external signs of black band disease based on macroscopic observations. In previous studies, these examples, here referred to as atypical black band disease, would have not been correctly diagnosed. We also differentiate white syndrome from white diseases on the basis of tissue structure and the presence/absence of microbial associates. White diseases are those with dense bacterial communities associated with lesions of symbiont loss and/or extensive necrosis of tissues, while white syndromes are characteristically bacterium free, with evidence for extensive programmed cell death/apoptosis associated with the lesion and the adjacent tissues. The pathology of coral disease as a whole requires further investigation. This study emphasizes the importance of going beyond the external macroscopic signs of coral disease for accurate disease diagnosis.

scholarly journals Ecological and molecular characterization of a coral black band disease outbreak in the Red Sea during a bleaching event

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghaida Hadaidi ◽  
Maren Ziegler ◽  
Amanda Shore-Maggio ◽  
Thor Jensen ◽  
Greta Aeby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Microbial Mats ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Coral Disease ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Black Band Disease ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
Black Band

Black Band Disease (BBD) is a widely distributed and destructive coral disease that has been studied on a global scale, but baseline data on coral diseases is missing from many areas of the Arabian Seas. Here we report on the broad distribution and prevalence of BBD in the Red Sea in addition to documenting a bleaching-associated outbreak of BBD with subsequent microbial community characterization of BBD microbial mats at this reef site in the southern central Red Sea. Coral colonies with BBD were found at roughly a third of our 22 survey sites with an overall prevalence of 0.04%. Nine coral genera were infected including Astreopora, Coelastrea, Dipsastraea, Gardineroseris, Goniopora, Montipora, Pavona, Platygyra, and Psammocora. For a southern central Red Sea outbreak site, overall prevalence was 40 times higher than baseline (1.7%). Differential susceptibility to BBD was apparent among coral genera with Dipsastraea (prevalence 6.1%), having more diseased colonies than was expected based on its abundance within transects. Analysis of the microbial community associated with the BBD mat showed that it is dominated by a consortium of cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria. We detected the three main indicators for BBD (filamentous cyanobacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), and sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (SOB)), with high similarity to BBD-associated microbes found worldwide. More specifically, the microbial consortium of BBD-diseased coral colonies in the Red Sea consisted of Oscillatoria sp. (cyanobacteria), Desulfovibrio sp. (SRB), and Arcobacter sp. (SOB). Given the similarity of associated bacteria worldwide, our data suggest that BBD represents a global coral disease with predictable etiology. Furthermore, we provide a baseline assessment of BBD disease prevalence in the Red Sea, a still understudied region.

scholarly journals Modelling environmental drivers of black band disease outbreaks in populations of foliose corals in the genus Montipora

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla C.M. Chen ◽  
David G. Bourne ◽  
Christopher C. Drovandi ◽  
Kerrie Mengersen ◽  
Bette L. Willis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Disease ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Black Band Disease ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Black Band ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Healthy Coral

Seawater temperature anomalies associated with warming climate have been linked to increases in coral disease outbreaks that have contributed to coral reef declines globally. However, little is known about how seasonal scale variations in environmental factors influence disease dynamics at the level of individual coral colonies. In this study, we applied a multi-state Markov model (MSM) to investigate the dynamics of black band disease (BBD) developing from apparently healthy corals and/or a precursor-stage, termed ‘cyanobacterial patches’ (CP), in relation to seasonal variation in light and seawater temperature at two reef sites around Pelorus Island in the central sector of the Great Barrier Reef. The model predicted that the proportion of colonies transitioning from BBD to Healthy states within three months was approximately 57%, but 5.6% of BBD cases resulted in whole colony mortality. According to our modelling, healthy coral colonies were more susceptible to BBD during summer months when light levels were at their maxima and seawater temperatures were either rising or at their maxima. In contrast, CP mostly occurred during spring, when both light and seawater temperatures were rising. This suggests that environmental drivers for healthy coral colonies transitioning into a CP state are different from those driving transitions into BBD. Our model predicts that (1) the transition from healthy to CP state is best explained by increasing light, (2) the transition between Healthy to BBD occurs more frequently from early to late summer, (3) 20% of CP infected corals developed BBD, although light and temperature appeared to have limited impact on this state transition, and (4) the number of transitions from Healthy to BBD differed significantly between the two study sites, potentially reflecting differences in localised wave action regimes.

scholarly journals Status of Coral Health and Disease in Kessilampe Waters, Kendari, South East Sulawesi

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Ratna Diyah Palupi ◽  
Rahmadani Rahmadani ◽  
Ira Ira
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Coral Disease ◽  
White Spot ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
Coral Diseases ◽  
White Syndrome ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Coral Health ◽  
Global Threat

Diseases of coral reef organisms have become a global threat to coral reefs and a major cause of reef deterioration. The presence of coral diseases influence marine resources productivity that interact with coral reefs. The purpose of this research is to identify coral disease types and prevalence which include coral health compromiser. Data collection was done by using 40 m2 belt transects at three observation stations. The result showed that the White Syndrome (WS), Bleaching, Ulcerative White Spot (UWS), Skeleton Eroding Band (SEB), White Patch (WP), and Non Focal Bleaching were found at research sites, while the coral health compromisers were Sediment damage, fish bite, invertebrate galls, flatworm infestation, and pigmentation response. In addition disease of White Syndrome (WS), Bleaching, and Ulcerative White Spot (UWS) were the main disease with prevalence of disease is approximately 4%, while the others were lower than 1%. Overall the prevalence of diseases (14,52%) is higher than compromise health (13,98%). A total of 186 coral colonies observed with 27 colonies were affected by diseases. Meanwhile, the waters quality (salinity, pH, and nitrate) were below the threshold quality standards for marine aquatic animal and not supported of coral organism was presume organisms against pathogens bacterial. Although the prevalence of coral disease is still in normal condition but the decrease of water quality can lead the risk. Good management is required from local government to improve the water quality especially from terrestrial impact.

Coral disease succession in Tobago: from yellow band to black band disease

Coral Reefs ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mallela ◽  
R. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Coral Disease ◽  
Black Band Disease ◽  
Yellow Band ◽  
Black Band

Selective feeding by coral reef fishes on coral lesions associated with brown band and black band disease

Coral Reefs ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Chong-Seng ◽  
A. J. Cole ◽  
M. S. Pratchett ◽  
B. L. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Coral Reef Fishes ◽  
Black Band Disease ◽  
Selective Feeding ◽  
Brown Band ◽  
Black Band

Coral disease prevalence and coral health in the Wakatobi Marine Park, south-east Sulawesi, Indonesia

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Haapkylä ◽  
A.S. Seymour ◽  
J. Trebilco ◽  
D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Coral Disease ◽  
Disease Prevalence ◽  
Coral Diseases ◽  
White Spot Disease ◽  
Marine Park ◽  
Black Band ◽  
Baseline Knowledge ◽  
Coral Health ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
The Impact

This is the first study on coral diseases in the Wakatobi Marine National Park (WMNP), south-east Sulawesi. It aimed to provide baseline knowledge of coral disease prevalence and coral health in this remote region. Results indicate a low disease prevalence of 0.57% with only two known diseases occurring within the sampling unit, white syndrome (0.42%) and tumours (0.15%). They affected 15 taxonomic groups from a total of 32 taxonomic groups. The presence of black-band disease (BBD), skeletal eroding band (SEB) disease and Porites ulcerative white spot disease (PUWSD) was identified outside the study area. A large number of corals were affected by previously undescribed conditions (9.7% of colonies). The impact of lesions named as green spot, green band, pigmented spot, and flatworm infestation is not known and represents an important area for future studies.

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