scholarly journals I. On a comparison between apparent inequalities of short period in sun-spot areas and in diurnal declination-ranges at Toronto and at Prague

1886 ◽  
Vol 40 (242-245) ◽  
pp. 220-235
Keyword(s):  
Solar Physics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Diurnal Temperature ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
The One

1. In a report to the Solar Physics Committee (“Proc. Roy. Soc.,” vol. 37, p. 290, 1884) we discussed the relations between certain apparent Inequalities of short periods in sun-spot areas on the one hand and diurnal temperature-ranges at Toronto and at Kew of corresponding periods on the other. In the present communication we proceed to discuss the connexion between the same solar Inequalities and the diurnal declination-ranges at Toronto and at Prague.

scholarly journals III. Report to the Solar Physics Committee on a comparison between apparent inequalities of short period in sun-spot areas and in diurnal temperature-ranges at Toronto and at Kew

1884 ◽  
Vol 37 (232-234) ◽  
pp. 22-24
Keyword(s):  
Solar Physics ◽  
The State ◽  
Diurnal Temperature ◽  
Terrestrial Magnetism ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Temperature Ranges

It has been known for some time that there is a close connexion between the inequalities in the state of the sun’s surface as denoted by sun-spot areas and those in terrestrial magnetism as denoted by the diurnal ranges of oscillation of the declination magnet; and moreover the observations of various meteorologists have induced us to suspect that there may likewise be a connexion between solar Inequalities and those in terrestrial meteorology.

scholarly journals Report to the solar physics committee on a comparison between apparent inequalities of short period in sun-spot areas and in diurnal temperature-ranges at Toronto and Kew

1884 ◽  
Vol 37 (232-234) ◽  
pp. 290-316
Keyword(s):  
Solar Physics ◽  
The State ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Diurnal Temperature ◽  
Terrestrial Magnetism ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Temperature Ranges

1. It has been known for some time, through the researches of Sabine and others, that there is a close connexion between the Inequalities in the state of the sun’s surface as denoted by sun-spot areas and those in terrestrial magnetism as denoted by the diurnal ranges of oscillation of the declination magnet; and moreover, the observations,of Baxendell, Meldrum, and various other meteorologists have induced us to suspect that there may likewise be a connexion between solar inequalities and those in terrestrial meteorology. This latter connexion, however, assuming it to exist, is not so well established as the former—at least if we compare together Inequalities of long period. Attempts have been made to explain this by imagining that for long periods the state of the atmosphere, as regards absorption, may change in such a manner as to diminish or even cloak the effects of solar variation by increasing the absorption when the sun is strongest and diminishing the absorption when the sun is weakest.

scholarly journals Report to the solar physics Committee on a comparison between apparent inequalities of short period in sun-spot areas and in diurnal temperature-ranges at Toronto and Kew

1884 ◽  
Vol 37 (232-234) ◽  
pp. 251-290 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Physics ◽  
The State ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Diurnal Temperature ◽  
Terrestrial Magnetism ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Temperature Ranges

1. It has been known for some time, through the researches of Sabine and others, that there is a close connexion between the Inequalities in the state of the sun’s surface as denoted by sun-spot areas and those in terrestrial magnetism as denoted by the diurnal ranges of oscillation of the declination magnet; and moreover, the observations,of Baxendell, Meldrum, and various other meteorologists have induced us to suspect that there may likewise be a connexion between solar inequalities and-those in terrestrial meteorology. This latter connexion, however, assuming it to exist, is not so well established as the former—at least if we compare together Inequalities of long period. Attempts have been made to explain this by imagining that for long periods the state of the atmosphere, as regards absorption, may change in such a manner as to diminish or even cloak the effects of solar variation by increasing the absorption when the sun is strongest and diminishing the absorption when the sun is weakest.

scholarly journals Crisis of Intellectual Culture: on Issue of Approaches to Studying the Problem of Typology

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery Tkachev ◽  
Elena Suranova
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Intellectual Culture ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Approaches To Studying ◽  
Cultural Form ◽  
Cultural Process ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Cultural Forms ◽  
The One

The article is devoted to studying the problem of typology of intellectual culture crises. It proves that the intellectual culture as a historical process represents itself as an endless change of cultural forms, in which case each of the forms once emerged, reached its flourishing and died, being replaced by other cultural forms. It emphasizes that crises are intertwined into this process; they appear in cultures inevitably, under certain conditions - when the potential of the former cultural form has not been exhausted yet, and the struggle for its future form is only outlined, but the crises themselves take a short period of time in this process, although they have a complex nature. The article focuses on the fact that the typology of crises should be built, on the one hand, in conjunction with the typology of intellectual cultures and, on the other hand, with the typology of the historical process; there can be a number of such typologies, and this proves that cultures and crises can be classified in a variety of ways. It notes that the typology is a method used to study, compare and describe a variety of processes, including intellectual cultures and their crises, but this method does not exist in a vacuum, it is formed in an environment of idealism and materialism, dialectical and metaphysical methods. The peculiarities of modern typologies stem from the fact that, since the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, they are under the pressure of the metaphysical method, hence there is their internal need for the culture unification on the grounds close to their ethnicity: the idea of the unity of the cultural process is rejected with the help of these features, and the understanding of the process itself is reduced to the individuality of its cultural forms.

scholarly journals On the magnetic power of soft iron

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 187-188
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Hard Steel ◽  
Electric Current Passing ◽  
Good Contact ◽  
The One ◽  
Single Helix

When free magnetism is developed by induction, and is not retained in that state by what has been termed the coercive force of hard steel, it has generally been considered that all the phenomena due to the existence of free magnetism cease on the removal of the inducing cause. The object of the present communication is to show that such is not the fact. From a variety of experiments described by the author, it appears that soft iron continued to exhibit strongly the attraction due to the developement of magnetism long after the means by which the magnetism had been originally excited had ceased to act. In these experiments, bars of soft iron, in the form of a horseshoe, had a single helix of copper wire wound round them, so that on the ends of the wire being brought into contact with the poles of a voltaic battery, the iron became an electromagnet. With one of these horse-shoes, while the connexion between the ends of the helix and the poles of the battery existed, the soft iron, having a keeper applied to its poles, supported 125 pounds it supported 56 pounds after that connexion had been broken, and continued to retain the power of supporting the same weight after an interval of several days, care having been taken not to disturb, during the time, the contact between the horse-shoe and its keeper. On this contact, however, being broken, nearly the whole attractive power appeared to be immediately lost. The author describes several instances of the same kind, particularly one in which the contact between the ends of the horse-shoe of soft iron and its keeper having been undisturbed during fifteen weeks, the attractive power continued undiminished. Although the interposition of a substance, such as mica or paper, between the ends of the horse-shoe and its keeper necessarily diminished the force of attraction, it did not appear to diminish the power of retaining that force. In a case where the electromagnet of soft iron and its keeper were equal semi-circles, the author found, what may appear singular, that the arrangement of the magnetism during the time that the electric current traversed the helix, appeared not to be the same as after the cessation of that current; in the one case similar, and in the other dissimilar, poles being opposed to each other at the opposite extremities of the two semi-circles. Whether the magnetism was originally developed in the soft iron by means of an electric current passing round it, or by passing over its surface the poles of an electromagnet, or those of a common magnet of hard steel, it appeared to possess the same power of retaining a large portion of the magnetism thus developed. The retention of the magnetism does not appear to depend upon the relative positions of the ends of the horse-shoe and the keeper remaining undisturbed, but on their contact remaining unbroken: for one keeper was substituted for another without diminution of this power; care being taken that the second should be in good contact with both ends of the horse-shoe before the complete removal of the first.

The Paragenesis of Kyanite-amphibolites (With Plate XX.)

1937 ◽  
Vol 24 (158) ◽  
pp. 555-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Tilley ◽  
H. C. G. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Retrograde Metamorphism ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
The South ◽  
South Side ◽  
The Alps ◽  
The One

In an earlier paper the writer has discussed the paragenesis - kyanite-omphacite as observed in certain ec|ogites. The fate of this association under conditions of retrograde metamorphism has led to a consideration of rocks showing the paragenesis amphibole-kyanite, a point which is briefly taken up in the present communication. Rocks containing this latter assemblage include two groups, the one better known, of sedimentary origin, the other essentially igneous in origin.Here are included members of the para-amphibolites, biotite-hornblende- schists, and hornblende-Garbenschiefer derived from sediments of the character of calcareous and dolomitic shales. The best-known examples come from the Alps—particularly the Triassic and pre- Triassic sediments on the south side of the St. Gotthard massif.

III. Preliminary report to the Committee on solar physics on a method of detecting the unknown inequalities of a series of observations

1879 ◽  
Vol 29 (196-199) ◽  
pp. 106-123 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Solar Surface ◽  
Solar Physics ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Observational Series ◽  
Sun Spots ◽  
The One

1. Our chief reason for suspecting the existence of a connexion between the state of the solar surface (as this is revealed by spots) and the magnetism and meteorology of the earth is derived from the fact that our observational series of sun-spots, on the one hand, and of magnetical and meteorological changes, on the other, are believed to be all subject to a common inequality, whose period (about 11 years) is virtually the same in all.

VIII. A critical study of spectral series.— Part III. The atomic weight term and its import in the constitution of spectra

1914 ◽  
Vol 213 (497-508) ◽  
pp. 323-420
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Principal Series ◽  
Atomic Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Spectral Series ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Relation ◽  
The One

The doublet and triplet separations in the spectra of elements are, as has long been known, roughly proportional to the squares of their atomic weights, at least whenelements of the same group of the periodic table are compared. In the formulæ which give the series lines these separations arise by certain terms being deducted from the denominator of the typical sequences. For instance, in the alkalies if the p -sequence be written N/D m 2 , where D m = m +μ+α/ m the p -sequence for the second principal series has denominator D—Δ, and we get converging doublets; whereas the constant separations for the S and D series are formed by taking S 1 (∞) = D 1 (∞) = N/D 1 2 and S 2 (∞) = D 2 (∞)= N/(D 1 —Δ) 2 . It is clear that the values of Δ for the various elements will also be roughly proportional to the squares of the atomic weights. For this reason it is convenient to refer to them as the atomic weight terms. We shall denote them by Δ in the case of doublets and Δ 1 and Δ 2 in the case of triplets, using v as before to denote the separations. Two questions naturally arise. On the one hand what is the real relation between them and the atomic weights, and on the other what relation have they to the constitution of the spectra themselves ? The present communication is an attempt to throw some light on both these problems.

scholarly journals DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE 1946–1947 FAMINE (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE URALS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Nikolay A. Mikhalev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Basic Approaches ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One

The article deals with examination of the main parameters of the post-war 1946–1947 famine’s impact on the demographic sphere of the Urals. It considers the basic approaches proposed by Russian and foreign researchers to determine the level of excess mortality under conditions of the famine. Some of them were used to assess its scale in the Urals. The changes that took place in the processes of reproduction of the region’s population are revealed. Particular attention is paid to the structural analysis of mortality processes. The specifics of registration of deaths from alimentary dystrophy in the consolidated demographic forms are shown, their share in the corresponding group of causes of death is determined. The transformation of fertility processes is considered, the size of its decrease under the influence of the famine is established. The 1946–1947 famine led to an increase in mortality, it virtually interrupted a short period of post-war compensation of the population, which turned out to be insufficient and incomplete. Estimates of direct losses from the famine vary, but they all inevitably have the character of rough, tentative assumptions. On the one hand, this is due to the limitations imposed by the informative potential of the sources available to researchers today. On the other hand, the reason lies in an extraordinary nature of the very period, marked by a multitude of turbulent events that destabilized the situation, when it becomes almost impossible to find the demographic norm on which calculations should be made.

10. The Elementary Composition of Nitroglycerine

1884 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 234-235
Author(s):  
Matthew Hay ◽  
Orme Masson ◽  
Crum Brown
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Elementary Composition ◽  
The One

Investigations have been made by Railton, Williamson, Hess and Schwab, Beckerhinn, and Sduer and Ador for the purpose of ascertaining the elementary composition and the constitution of nitroglycerine. They all agree in regarding it as a nitrate of glyceryl; but, whilst some consider that it is a tri-nitrate, others hold that it is a variable mixture of the tri-nitrate with di-nitrate and mononitrate. Their analyses are quite insufficient to establish either the one or the other conclusion, and have mainly been confined to estimations of the nitrogen. If we except a comparative estimation of the carbon with the nitrogen, there exist absolutely no determinations of the carbon or of the hydrogen. And, as the decomposition of nitroglycerine with potash has been shown to occur in a manner considerably different from that suggested by Railton and Williamson, the main reason in support of the constitution of nitroglycerine as a tri-nitrate has been removed. The authors of the present communication therefore believed that they were amply justified in making a fresh and more careful and complete analysis of the composition of nitroglycerine. Absolute determinations were made, not only of the nitrogen, but also of the carbon and hydrogen; and, in order to ascertain the uniformity in composition of nitroglycerine, the nitrogen of samples prepared by various methods was estimated. The nitroglycerine was both pure and thoroughly dried. For the determination of the nitrogen, modifications of Dumas's method and of Schloesing's method were employed. The carbon and hydrogen were estimated by a modification of Liebig's method. Every precaution was taken to insure that the results obtained should be correct. The average of the determinations gave 15 · 91 per cent, of carbon, 2 · 49 per cent, of hydrogen, and 18 · 05 per cent. (Dumas) or 18 · 14 per cent. (Schloesing) of nitrogen. Theoretically nitroglycerine, regarded as the tri-nitrate of glyceryl, contains 15 · 86 per cent, of carbon, 2 · 20 per cent, of hydrogen, and 18 · 50 per cent, of nitrogen. The quantities obtained by experiment agree so closely with the theoretical quantities that they may be regarded as affording proof that nitroglycerine is, in reality, the tri-nitrate of glyceryl. The authors also conclude, from the unvarying amount of nitrogen obtainable from variously prepared specimens of nitroglycerine, including one from Nobel's dynamite, that nitroglycerine is constant in composition and does not contain any of the lower nitrates of glyceryl, unless very imperfectly washed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document