VIII. A critical study of spectral series.— Part III. The atomic weight term and its import in the constitution of spectra

1914 ◽  
Vol 213 (497-508) ◽  
pp. 323-420
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Principal Series ◽  
Atomic Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Spectral Series ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Relation ◽  
The One

The doublet and triplet separations in the spectra of elements are, as has long been known, roughly proportional to the squares of their atomic weights, at least whenelements of the same group of the periodic table are compared. In the formulæ which give the series lines these separations arise by certain terms being deducted from the denominator of the typical sequences. For instance, in the alkalies if the p -sequence be written N/D m 2 , where D m = m +μ+α/ m the p -sequence for the second principal series has denominator D—Δ, and we get converging doublets; whereas the constant separations for the S and D series are formed by taking S 1 (∞) = D 1 (∞) = N/D 1 2 and S 2 (∞) = D 2 (∞)= N/(D 1 —Δ) 2 . It is clear that the values of Δ for the various elements will also be roughly proportional to the squares of the atomic weights. For this reason it is convenient to refer to them as the atomic weight terms. We shall denote them by Δ in the case of doublets and Δ 1 and Δ 2 in the case of triplets, using v as before to denote the separations. Two questions naturally arise. On the one hand what is the real relation between them and the atomic weights, and on the other what relation have they to the constitution of the spectra themselves ? The present communication is an attempt to throw some light on both these problems.

scholarly journals III. A critical study of spectral series.— Part I. The alkalies H and He

1911 ◽  
Vol 210 (459-470) ◽  
pp. 57-111 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Series ◽  
Atomic Weight ◽  
Spectral Lines ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Spectral Series ◽  
Observational Error ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Present Purpose

The following investigation was commenced some years ago, at a time when the discussion as to the atomic weight of Radium raised the question as to the dependence on their atomic weights of the wave-lengths of corresponding spectral lines of different elements of the same group. The arguments were necessarily vague and unconvincing in the absence of any exact knowledge as to the connection of wave­-length with atomic weight, even supposing such connection existed. Our knowledge of series spectra is chiefly—one might say almost wholly—due to the sets of very exact measurements of Kayser and Runge, and of Runge and Paschen, supplemented by extensions to longer and shorter wave-lengths by Bergmann, Konen and Hagenbach, Lehmann, Ram age, and Saunders. These have been only quite recently added to by Paschen and by the remarkable extension of the Sodium Principal series up to 48 terms by Wood. A most valuable feature of Kayser’s work was the publication of possible errors of observation. This has rendered it possible to test with certainty whether any relation suggesting itself is true within limits of observational error or not. In fact, without this, the investigation, of which the present communication forms a first part, could not have been carried out. So far as the author knows, Saunders is the only other observer who has accompanied his observations with estimates of this kind. Others have given probable errors—practically estimates of the exactness with which they can repeat readings of that feature of a line which they take to be the centre—an estimate of little value for the present purpose. In deducing data from a set of lines it is thus possible to express their errors in terms of the original errors in the observations, and limits to the latter give limiting variations to the former. We therefore know with certainty what latitude in inferences is permissible, and are often enabled to say that such inference is not justifiable.

scholarly journals A critical study of spectral series. Part III.—The atomic weight term and its import in the constitution of spectra

1913 ◽  
Vol 89 (608) ◽  
pp. 125-127
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Atomic Weight ◽  
Frequent Occurrence ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Spectral Series ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Actual Relation ◽  
Universal Application

The wave numbers of the lines in a spectrum which form any of the recognised series can be calculated, as is well known, from an expression of the form n = N/D 1 2 — N/D m 2 , where N = 109675 and D m = m + fraction, the fraction being in general a function of the integer m . The constant doublet or triplet separations of S and D series are formed by the deduction of a quantity Δ, or Δ 1 , Δ 2 , in the case of triplets, from D 1 , and it has long been known that these quantities are very roughly proportional to the squares of the atomic weights when elements in the same group are compared. The present communication deals with the actual relation between Δ and the atomic weight, and with the part it plays in the general constitution of spectra. It is shown that there is a definite quantity in connection with each element which is of fundamental importance in the building up of its spectrum. It is proportional to the square of the atomic weight: in fact, if w denote the atomic weight divided by 100 its value is (90·4725 ± 0·013) w 3 . This quantity is of such universal application that it is useful to have a special name for it, and it has been called the oun ( wv ). Its value is denoted by δ 1 , but δ is used for the multiple 4δ 1 , as it is of very frequent occurrence. The evidence for its existence is based on the arc spectra of He, the elements of the Groups I and II, the Al sub-group and Sc of III and the O, S, Se of VI of the Periodic Table—in other words, all those elements in which the series lines have been allocated. It is found:— (1) That the Δ which give the doublet and triplet separations are all multiples of their respective ouns.

scholarly journals X. A critical study of spectral series.—Part IV. The structure of spark spectra

1918 ◽  
Vol 217 (549-560) ◽  
pp. 361-410
Keyword(s):  
Great Majority ◽  
Special Care ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Spectral Series ◽  
Rare Gases ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
The Way

The spectrum of an element produced by the electric spark is in general fundamentally different from that produced by the arc. The latter is marked by the predominance of groups of lines forming series associated with one another, and by lines related to these series in definite ways. In the former very few series have been discovered, the lines are very much more numerous, and the great majority are weak. Both kinds vary very much according to the way in which they are produced, and this is specially the case with spectra produced by the spark. Even when they are produced by similar methods by different observers—as, for instance, by Eder and Valenta, and by Exner and Haschek—there will be found a large number in one not included in the other and vice versâ . It is even questionable whether it is possible to draw a distinct and definite line of demarcation between the two, e. g ., in the cases of Cu and Ba, to take two instances; the arc spectra—with very numerous lines—in many respects have analogies with those of the spark. But very little is known as to the structure of the latter, beyond the fact that in some of them sets of lines with the same frequency differences are met with. The present communication is an attempt to throw some light on this question. The material at disposal is so vast that it is necessary to limit the discussion to a few elements, and even in them to restrict it to certain relations only. The elements selected are silver and gold. It had originally been intended to include also copper and barium as illustrating the transition from one to the other kind of spectra. But their inclusion would have rendered the present communication unduly long, whilst their omission enables us to confine the discussion to the elaboration of a single principle. The reason for the selection is that the author has had occasion to study with special care for other purposes the spectra of Ag and Ba, whilst those of Au and Cu—belonging to the same group as Ag—were specially investigated to see if the results afforded by Ag were supported by them. That of Cu was also interesting, as in the arc there are a very large number of doublets and triplets discovered by Rydberg; indeed the origins of some of the frequency differences observed were first suggested by the case of Cu in which their values are comparatively small. But it required the support of the larger values afforded by Ag and Au to firmly establish the relations. Similar relations have been found in many other elements. The spectra of the rare gases from Ne to RaEm are built on a precisely similar plan, and in fact a map for some of the Kr lines was drawn many years ago on the plan of those given here for Ag and Au, although at that time the origin of the differences was not known.

Hidden “holes” in the capital of banks and the supply of credit to the real sector of economy

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Mamonov
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Loan Loss ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The One

Our analysis documents that the existence of hidden “holes” in the capital of not yet failed banks - while creating intertemporal pressure on the actual level of capital - leads to changing of maturity of loans supplied rather than to contracting of their volume. Long-term loans decrease, whereas short-term loans rise - and, what is most remarkably, by approximately the same amounts. Standardly, the higher the maturity of loans the higher the credit risk and, thus, the more loan loss reserves (LLP) banks are forced to create, increasing the pressure on capital. Banks that already hide “holes” in the capital, but have not yet faced with license withdrawal, must possess strong incentives to shorten the maturity of supplied loans. On the one hand, it raises the turnovers of LLP and facilitates the flexibility of capital management; on the other hand, it allows increasing the speed of shifting of attracted deposits to loans to related parties in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. This enlarges the potential size of ex post revealed “hole” in the capital and, therefore, allows us to assume that not every loan might be viewed as a good for the economy: excessive short-term and insufficient long-term loans can produce the source for future losses.

scholarly journals Some nuclear transformations of beryllium and boron and the masses of the light elements

1935 ◽  
Vol 150 (869) ◽  
pp. 241-258 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Emission ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Small Error ◽  
The Other ◽  
Light Elements ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Mass Data ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Α Particles

In a recent paper we showed that the nuclear transformations produced in lithium by bombarding the element with protons and with ions of heavy hydrogen were in complete accord with the laws of the conservation of mass-energy and of momentum. At the same time we pointed out that there were serious discrepancies between the mass-data and the transformation-data in some other cases, and we stressed the fact that the concordance for lithium was one between mass-differences, and gave no test of the correctness or otherwise of the absolute masses in terms of O 16 = 16·000. In the present communication we present the results of experiments on the transformation of beryllium and boron by protons and by ions of heavy hydrogen. It is shown that it is not possible to interpret these results on the mass-data at present available, and we indicate how the difficulties may be overcome by the assumption of a single small error in the mass-spectrographic value for the mass of He 4 . Beryllium So far as it is known beryllium consists of a single isotope,* the mass of which according to Bainbridge is 9·0155. This mass is greater than that of two α-partieles and a neutron (8·0043 + 1·0080§ = 9·0123) by nearly three million volts, and hence great difficulties have been en­countered in nuclear theory in accounting for the observed stability. It had been found by Rayleigh|| that the mineral beryl contained an abnormal quantity of helium, while the experiments of Curie-Joliot and of Chadwick¶ had shown that beryllium gave a copious emission of neutrons when bombarded by α-particles, but the most careful search has failed to give any evidence whatever for a spontaneous emission of particles from the element. Both lithium and boron, of atomic numbers 3 and 5 respectively, are very easily transformed by bombardment wit protons and with ions of heavy hydrogen, so that it was to be expected that beryllium, which lies between them in the periodic table, would also give effects when bombarded by the same ions. Observation of the energies evolved if the reactions are known with certainty, should then lead to values for the mass of Be 9 in terms of the masses of the other products of the transformations, which can be used to check the mass found by Bainbridge.

On indirect Methods of acquiring Knowledge - The Method of History. - The First Table of Mortality

1851 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Edwin James Farren
Keyword(s):  
Real Line ◽  
English Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adult Student ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
The Real ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
The One

The term scholar, as current in the English language, has two extreme acceptations, tyro and proficient; or what the later Greeks fancifully termed the alpha and omega of acquirement. If we attempt to trace the steps by which even the adult student of any especial branch of professional or literary knowledge has fairly passed the boundary defined by the one meaning in passing on to that position denoted by the other, it will commonly be found, that in place of that lucid order, that straight line from point to point, which theory and resolve generally premise, the real order of acquirement has been desultory—the real line of progression, circuitous and uncertain.

scholarly journals The “Establishment”, the “Élites”, and the “People”

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Wodak
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The Real ◽  
The People ◽  
Politics Of Fear ◽  
The One ◽  
Disenchantment With Politics

Abstract In this paper, I discuss the attempt by all right-wing populist parties to create, on the one hand, the ‘real’ and ‘true’ people; and on the other, the ‘élites’ or ‘the establishment’ who are excluded from the true demos. Such divisions, as will be elaborated in detail, have emerged in many societies over centuries and decades. A brief example of the arbitrary construction of opposing groups illustrates the intricacies of such populist reasoning. Furthermore, I pose the question why such divisions resonate so well in many countries? I argue that – apart from a politics of fear (Wodak 2015) – much resentment is evoked which could be viewed as both accompanying as well as a reaction to the disenchantment with politics and the growing inequalities in globalized capitalist societies.

scholarly journals MEMBANGUN SEMANGAT KERASULAN REMAJA KATOLIK DALAM KONTEKS MASYARAKAT PLURALIS DI INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Agustinus Supriyadi
Keyword(s):  
Logical Consequence ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Form ◽  
Pluralistic Society ◽  
The Real ◽  
Self Discovery ◽  
The One ◽  
The Church

Catholic teens Indonesia is part of the Church in Indonesia and the Indonesian people. Indonesia consists of thousands of islands that stretched from Sabang to Merauke. This fact opens the possibility of a fairly wide occurrence of the encounter between cultures and simultaneous cross-cultural. This diversity is certainly a logical consequence to an enrichment of civilizations and diversity (plurality), although also contains elements of the loss. Plurality of Indonesian society on the one hand can make the Catholic teens swept away in the swift currents of the community to lose our identity or conflict. However Plurality can also awaken in the Catholic teen award nature between one race to the other races, between ethnic or tribal one with the other tribes, between groups with one another. In a pluralistic society such as this, the Catholic teens called to the apostolate. Through the act of self-discovery, live in love and have a sense of tolerance of differences is the real form of the apostolate.

scholarly journals Transformation of the Banking Sector of Ukraine: Reasons and Consequences

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
Myroslava Khutorna
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Market Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
The Real ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

This paper is devoted to the consideration of the preconditions and results of the banking sector of Ukraine transforming, its influence on the sector’s productivity, stability and significance for the real economy. It’s grounded that banking sector of Ukraine has seriously weakened its potential for the economic development stimulation. On the one hand, due to the banking sector clearance from the bad and unscrupulous banks the system has become much more sensitive to the monetary instruments and its state is going to be more predictable and better controlled. But on the other hand, massive banks’ liquidations have caused the worsening of the confidence in financial system and radical increasing of the market concentration the highest degree of which is observed in the householders’ deposit market.

French Impressions: The Transnational Afterlives of Verlaine’s ‘La lune blanche’ in Song

2021 ◽  
pp. 150-152
Author(s):  
David Evans
Keyword(s):  
Art Song ◽  
National Identities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mode I ◽  
Source Text ◽  
The Real ◽  
Art Form ◽  
The One

In this chapter I compare settings of Verlaine’s ‘La Lune blanche’ (‘The White Moon’) by composers of different nationalities (Delius, Webern, Sorabji, Loomis, Nevin, Loeffler, Hennessy, Poldowski, McEwen, Szulc, Stravinsky) in order to show how different ideas of French song – and of art song itself – emerge through the multiple dialogues of its transnational crossings. Two opposing approaches become clear: on the one hand, songs which maintain a reverence towards the source text as a symbol of the cultural cachet which French mélodie has enjoyed since its 1880-1930 heyday; and on the other, songs which offer a curiously unplaceable musical material, staking a claim for music as an mode of articulation which functions independently from language and, indeed, from national identities which are always in danger of falling into repetition, cliché, and pastiche. This latter mode, I suggest, comes closest to the real heart of mélodie as understood by its foremost French purveyors, Fauré and Debussy, and which composers like Stravinsky draw out of Verlaine’s text: a conception of song as an art form uniquely placed to offer a critique of fixed national paradigms and stable interpretative systems, by constantly calling into question, through their formal complexities, the very processes by which meaning itself is produced.

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