Colonization of the Krakatau Islands by land birds, and the approach to an equilibrium number of species

1990 ◽  
Vol 328 (1245) ◽  
pp. 55-93 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Island Biogeography ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Alternative Assessments ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Open Country ◽  
Explicit Criteria ◽  
Equilibrium Number

The colonization of the Krakataus by resident land birds is re-examined in view of two additional good data points, 1951 and 1984-86, which were not available to MacArthur & Wilson (1967) in their seminal work on island biogeography. The bird data for all years were carefully assessed with respect to the explicit criteria needed for the calculation of rates of extinction, immigration and turnover; these parameters are defined and calculated. Calculated from data from the two most recent surveys, the equilibrium number of species ( S ) for Rakata, the largest island, is from 48 to 56 and for the archipelago as a whole from 44 to 58; the ranges reflect alternative assessments of the records. By fitting a colonization equation to data from all surveys, S for the archipelago is estimated as 36 species, and by a procedure attempting to account for cryptoturnover, 38 species. These estimates compare with 30 (MacArthur & Wilson 1967) and 40-45 (Mayr 1965). Thirty-seven species were present during 1984-86. The establishment of the secondary forest and closure of the canopy had the greatest effect on colonization parameters of resident land birds since 1883. Immigration and turnover peaked in the period 1908-21 and fell sharply over the next decade, when, in contrast, extinctions reached a peak. The species that have colonized the Krakataus are mostly wide-ranging species that are found in both Java and Sumatra and have wide ecological tolerances. The earlier colonists were open country, generalist species, but since forest formation there was an increase in the proportion that are true forest species and more specialist feeders; more recent colonists have been aerial predators and insect feeders. Analysis of the colonization data suggests that the first resident land birds colonized the Krakataus one or two decades after the 1883 eruption. The newly emergent island, Anak Krakatau, has provided early serai habitats for species that have been lost from the other islands of the archipelago because of ecological succession and consequently the island provides an ecological refuge, postponing the extinction of birds that depend on these open habitats. Anak Krakatau’s emergence and continued existence will reduce species turnover and delay the achievement of equilibrium on the archipelago.

scholarly journals COLLEMBOLA DIVERSITY IN THE SOIL OF THE THREE TYPES OF LAND USED ON BUNGO DISTRICT JAMBI PROVINCE, INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 362-367
Author(s):  
Febriyansyah
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Rubber Plantation ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Number Of Species

The research regarding Collembola on Bungo District was conducted from February to July 2014. The purpose of this study was to know Collembola Diversity in the soil of the three types of land used (secondary forest, rubber plantation and palm plantation). This study used a purposive sampling method with soil drill having 4 cm diameter. The highest diversity on three types of land use is on rubber plantation and the lowest is on secondary forest. Family Entomobryidae (Ascocyrtus sp.) has the highest number of species as well as the highest percentage of all species.

Effect of Temperature on Butterfly Community (lepidoptera) at Gunung Meja Recreational Forest Area, Manokwari, Papua Barat

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rawati Panjaitan
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Butterfly Community ◽  
The Impact

<p>Gunung Meja is one of the forest areas in Manokwari, West Papua province. It has been designated as a recreational forest since 1980. Gunung Meja covers 460.25 ha and is located at 75–175 m a.s.l. Gunung Meja is directly adjacent to residential areas, therefore the community activities, such as felling trees and gardening, was conducted in the area frequently. These can interfered the existence of flora and fauna in the area, included butterflies. To reveal the impact of intrusive human activities on the forest area, it was necessary to obtain basic information about what flora and fauna are present there. This study was aim to record the butterfly community in the area. Observations of butterflies were done by scan sampling on primary forest, secondary forest, gardens and settlements. Sampling and measurement of environmental parameters were performed in the morning and afternoon for seven weeks. This study recorded 113 species and 4.049 individuals of butterflies. There were 75 species in primary forest, 77 species in secondary forest, and 63 species in gardens and settlements. The number of species found was still increasing until the last day of the observation. Shannon-Wiener index (H’) calculation showed that diversity in primary and secondary forests were 3.48 and 3.50, respectively, thus classified as high (H’ &gt; 3). Sorensen index calculation (C<em><sub>N</sub></em>) showed high value reaching 0.5 quantitatively. The numbers of butterflies both species number and individual number, observed in the morning were higher than those in the afternoon. There was significant effect (P &lt; 0.05) of temperature on the number of individual butterflies. The result of PCA analysis showed that the environmental parameters in primary forest, secondary forest, gardens and settlements influenced the number of species and number of individuals.</p>

scholarly journals Species Turnover and Equilibrium Island Biogeography

Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 194 (4265) ◽  
pp. 572-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Simberloff
Keyword(s):  
Island Biogeography ◽  
Species Turnover

scholarly journals Intraspecific trait variation and species functional turnover in successional tropical forests: assessing gap-filling for community weighted means

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Aaron Hogan ◽  
Han Xu ◽  
Christopher Baraloto
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Plant Ecology ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Forest Age ◽  
Gap Filling ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Intraspecific Trait Variation ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Accounting for intraspecific trait variation (ITV) is central to plant ecology and crucial for vegetation modeling efforts. ITV can be substantial; however, it remains unclear how ITV influences community-weighted mean (CWM) trait estimates. We use leaf and root trait data from 423 trees of 72 species from 15 Angiosperm families in combination with community data from 164 small plots comprising 582 species to evaluate the contribution of ITV to CWMs, comparing unlogged, primary forest to selectively-logged and clear-cut secondary forest. We examine the effect of gap-filling missing trait values via phylogenetic generalized linear modeling (PhyloPars) on CWMs. For six of seven traits, ITV negatively covaried with species turnover to generate larger CWM differences than observed if ITV was not integrated. For example, plot average CWM specific leaf area was 10.7 and 10.4 m2 kg− 1 for primary and secondary forest, not accounting for ITV, but shifted to 9.8 and 11.1 m2 kg− 1 after doing so. Specific root length showed a similar trend. Our results from 72-species assemblages were supported by the results from the gap-filled analysis using the entire community, where the contribution of ITV to CWMs ranged from 25 to 75%, with nearly all trait variation due to forest type attributable to ITV. Therefore, CWM trait estimates became more-conservative with forest age, whereas ITV for many traits showed an acquisitive shift, and because of negative covariation between ITV and species turnover, forest age-related CWM differences increased. Differences were unaffected, if not strengthened, by gap-filling incomplete functional trait matrices.

scholarly journals Biogeography of Mammals in Rocky Mountain National Parks

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Susan Glenn ◽  
Brian Chapman ◽  
Rebecca Rudman ◽  
Ian Butler
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
Habitat Diversity ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Local Extinctions ◽  
Equilibrium Number

The equilibrium theory of island biogeography proposes that on an island of a given area, there exists an equilibrium number of species when the rates of immigration and local extinction of species are equal (MacArthur and Wilson 1967). This theory has been applied to park systems because parks may act as functional islands when surrounding unprotected land is cleared of natural vegetation. Alteration of these surrounding habitats isolates these parks and reduces the effective area, causing a decrease in the equilibrium number of species. In animal communities, this process is called faunal collapse (Soule et al. 1979).The effects of park isolation and faunal collapse have been studied for mammals in Rocky Mountain parks (Picton 1979, Newmark 1986, Glenn and Nudds 1989). In western U.S. parks, extinctions were more numerous in smaller or older parks (Newmark 1987). Area, topographic diversity, and habitat diversity have been correlated with mammal species richness in western North American parks (Picton 1979, Newmark 1986). Initial population size was also related to the extinction probability of a species (Newmark 1986). It has been proposed that all parks in a region are subject to similar factors influencing local extinctions, and therefore a similar suite of species should become locally extinct in all parks (Patterson and Atmar 1986, Patterson 1987). This means that a nested subset pattern is produced, where parks with low species richness contain mainly species already present in parks with high species richness. This pattern was not found for Canadian parks, where even small parks contained different species assemblages (Glenn 1990). The objectives of this three-year study are to: (i) identify mammal species that have become locally extinct in each of the Rocky Mountain National Parks; (ii) distinguish between hypotheses regarding the causes of these local extinctions in National Parks; (iii) determine if the same species become locally extinct in all parks; and (iv) identify potential sites for future protection of species prone to extinction.

scholarly journals Thành phần loài và phân bố của mối từ Quảng Bình đến Huế

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1S) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Minh Duc ◽  
Bui Thi Lo ◽  
Do Thi Ngoc Anh ◽  
Nguyen Thi My ◽  
Nguyen Van Quang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Forest Habitat ◽  
Termite Species ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Total Species ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The result on termite survey from Quang Binh to Thua Thien Hue provinces identified 84 species belonging to 22 genera, 8 subfamilies and 3 families. In comparison with the previous study results, our study newly recorded 27 species and 3 genera in Quang Binh province, two genera in Quang Tri province and six species in Thua Thien Hue province. When we analysed the contribution of termites in different habitats and altitudinal bands, the results showed that the secondary forest habitat has the highest number of species (62 species, accounting for 73.81% of total species number of the studied area), followed by primary forest habitat (41 species, accounting for 48,81%), plantation habitat (34 species, accounting for 40.48%) and resident area with the lowest number of species (23 species, accounting for 27.38%); the number of termite species in the altitudinal band 300-700m is the highest (52 species, accounting for 61.90% of total species number of the studied area), by that in the altitudinal band <300m (41 species, 48.81%), in the altitudinal band 701-1000m (38 species, accounting for 45.23%) and the least is in the altitudinal band > 1000m (21 species, accounting for 25.00%). This is the firstly comprehensive study on composition and distribution of termites in three provinces of Central Vietnam.  

scholarly journals The importance of early successional habitats to rare, restricted-range, and endangered birds in the Ecuadorian Andes

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Welford
Keyword(s):  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Restricted Range ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
Undisturbed Forest ◽  
Pristine Forest

Since the mid-1980s, exhausted pastures in Ecuador have been increasingly abandoned, allowing forest regeneration. At approximately 2,200 m in the Tandayapa valley I surveyed four abandoned pastures to evaluate their use by birds. Each former pasture represented a different age of vegetation maturity. The number of bird species recorded in each successively older abandoned pasture increased but only half the number of species recorded in the undisturbed forest site was recorded in the most mature pasture. However, at least four restricted-range bird species were recorded in a single pasture. As pastures rapidly convert to secondary forest, more bird species and rarer bird species use them, even in highly disturbed areas where surrounding pristine forest constitutes less than 10% of local forest cover. Conservation efforts should then be directed toward them.

scholarly journals Effect of Protection of Mountainous Vegetation against Over-Grazing and Over-Cutting in South Sinai, Egypt

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Kamal H. Shaltout ◽  
Ebrahem M. Eid ◽  
Yassin M. Al-Sodany ◽  
Selim Z. Heneidy ◽  
Salma K. Shaltout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Vegetation Pattern ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Size Index ◽  
South Sinai ◽  
Line Intercept

In this study, we evaluated the species diversity, density, cover, and size index of plant species within and outside 37 enclosures in the South Sinai mountainous region (Egypt), which had been protected for six years (March 2012–March 2018) against over-grazing and over-cutting for medicinal and fuel purposes. Within and outside the enclosures, the plant species were recorded, and their density (individuals per 100 m2) and cover (cm per 100 cm) were estimated using the line-intercept method. The biovolume of each individual of each species was calculated as the average of its height and diameter. The species richness was calculated as the average number of species per enclosure, and the species turnover was calculated as the ratio between the total number of species and the species richness. The relative evenness was calculated using the Shannon–Weaver index, whereas the relative concentration of dominance was calculated using the Simpson index. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was applied to ordinate the vegetation inside and outside the enclosures depending on the species cover. The unpaired t-test was applied to assess the statistically significant differences in the species density, cover, and biovolume inside and outside the enclosures. By the end of the six-year period, the vegetation pattern inside the enclosures became more or less stable, presumably because of the stopping of grazing and cutting, which also led to an increase in the plant diversity, density, and cover. In general, the protection of vegetation in South Sinai improved its diversity, density, and cover. In addition, the topographic and physiographic heterogeneity in this region results in microclimatic variations, which play a major role in governing its natural vegetation.

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