scholarly journals Introduction and synthesis: plant phylogeny and the origin of major biomes

2004 ◽  
Vol 359 (1450) ◽  
pp. 1455-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Toby Pennington ◽  
Quentin C. B. Cronk ◽  
James A. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Of Origin

Phylogenetic trees based upon DNA sequence data, when calibrated with a dimension of time, allow inference of: (i) the pattern of accumulation of lineages through time; (ii) the time of origin of monophyletic groups; (iii) when lineages arrived in different geographical areas; (iv) the time of origin of biome–specific morphologies. This gives a powerful new view of the history of biomes that in many cases is not provided by the incomplete plant fossil record. Dated plant phylogenies for angiosperm families such as Leguminoaceae (Fabaceae), Melastomataceae sensu stricto , Annonaceae and Rhamnaceae indicate that long–distance, transoceanic dispersal has played an important role in shaping their distributions, and that this can obscure any effect of tectonic history, previously assumed to have been the major cause of their biogeographic patterns. Dispersal from other continents has also been i mportant in the assembly of the Amazonian rainforest flora and the Australian flora. Comparison of dated biogeographic patterns of plants and animals suggests that recent long–distance dispersal might be more prevalent in plants, which has major implications for community assembly and coevolution. Dated plant phylogenies also reveal the role of past environmental changes on the evolution of lineages in species–rich biomes, and show that recent Plio–Pleistocene diversification has contributed substantially to their current species richness. Because of the critical role of fossils and morphological characters in assigning ages to nodes in phylogenetic trees, future studies must include careful morphological consideration of fossils and their extant relatives in a phylogenetic context. Ideal study systems will be based upon DNA sequence data from multiple loci and multiple fossil calibrations. This allows cross–validation both of age estimates from different loci, and from different fossil calibrations. For a more complete view of biome history, future studies should emphasize full taxon sampling in ecologically important groups, and should focus on geographical areas for which few species–level phylogenies are available, such as tropical Africa and Asia. These studies are urgent because understanding the history of biomes can both inform conservation decisions, and help predict the effects of future environmental changes at a time when biodiversity is being impacted on an unprecedented scale.

Eritreo-Arabian Affinities of the Socotran Flora as Revealed from the Molecular Phylogeny of Aerva (Amaranthaceae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 560-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Thiv ◽  
Mats Thulin ◽  
Norbert Kilian ◽  
H. Peter Linder
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Plastid Dna ◽  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Tropical Asia ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

We investigated the colonization of the Indian Ocean archipelago of Socotra through phylogenetic analysis of Aerva (Amaranthaceae) based on nuclear and plastid DNA sequence data. The biogeographic history of the genus was tracked using ancestral area reconstructions and molecular dating. Three independent colonization lineages from the Eritreo-Arabian subregion of the Sudano-Zambesian Region were revealed: one endemic clade comprising Aerva revoluta / A. microphylla and once within A. lanata and A. javanica. Our results provide further support for the dominance of Eritreo-Arabian affinities in the flora of Socotra, in contrast to more rare affinities to Madagascar, the Mascarenes, southern Africa, and tropical Asia. Our data point towards colonization via dispersal, rather than a vicariance origin of the island elements. The overall biogeographic patterns of Aerva show only limited concordance with other taxonomic groups distributed on Indian Ocean islands.

scholarly journals Nuclear and Cytoplasmic DNA Sequence Data Further Illuminate the Genetic Composition of Leyland Cypresses

2014 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 558-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Xuan Kou ◽  
Hui-Ying Shang ◽  
Kang-Shan Mao ◽  
Zhong-Hu Li ◽  
Keith Rushforth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Mt Dna ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Cytoplasmic Dna ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evergreen Conifer ◽  
Fertile Hybrids

Leyland cypress [×Hesperotropsis leylandii (A.B. Jacks. & Dallim.) Garland & G. Moore, Cupressaceae] is a well-known horticultural evergreen conifer in the United Kingdom, United States, Australia, New Zealand, and other countries. As demonstrated by previous studies, this taxon is a hybrid between alaska (nootka) cypress [Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Oerst. ex D.P. Little] and monterey cypress [Hesperocyparis macrocarpa (Hartw. ex Gordon) Bartel]. However, the genetic background of leyland cypress cultivars is unclear. Are they F1 or F2 hybrids or backcrosses? In this study, six individuals that represent major leyland cypress cultivars and two individuals each of its two putative parental species were collected, and three nuclear DNA regions (internal transcribed spacer, leafy and needly), three mitochondrial (mt) DNA regions (coxI, atpA, and rps3), and two chloroplast (cp) DNA regions (matK and rbcL) were sequenced and analyzed. Sequencing results of nuclear DNA regions revealed that leyland cypress cultivars consist of putative F1 and F2 hybrids as well as backcrosses. Analysis of the cp and mt DNA from six cultivars of leyland cypress revealed that their cytoplasmic (cp and mt) genomes came from alaska cypress. Our findings will provide important instructions and background knowledge on the management of these major leyland cypress cultivars as well as future studies. Meanwhile, alaska cypress and monterey cypress may have diverged with each other ≈46 million years ago. The fact that they can produce fertile hybrids indicates that hybridization events may have played an important role in the evolutionary history of the cypress family (Cupressaceae).

scholarly journals Intercontinental dispersal by a microendemic burrowing reptile (Dibamidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1718) ◽  
pp. 2568-2574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted M. Townsend ◽  
Dean H. Leavitt ◽  
Tod W. Reeder
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Protein ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Sister Taxon ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Northeastern Mexico

Intercontinental dispersal via land bridge connections has been important in the biogeographic history of many Holarctic plant and animal groups. Likewise, some groups appear to have accomplished trans-oceanic dispersal via rafting. Dibamid lizards are a clade of poorly known fossorial, essentially limbless species traditionally split into two geographically disjunct genera: Dibamus comprises approximately 20 Southeast Asian species, many of which have very limited geographical distributions, and the monotypic genus Anelytropsis occupies a small area of northeastern Mexico. Although no formal phylogeny of the group exists, a sister–taxon relationship between the two genera has been assumed based on biogeographic considerations. We used DNA sequence data from one mitochondrial and six nuclear protein-coding genes to construct a phylogeny of Dibamidae and to estimate divergence times within the group. Surprisingly, sampled Dibamus species form two deeply divergent, morphologically conserved and geographically concordant clades, one of which is the sister taxon of Anelytropsis papillosus . Our analyses indicate Palaearctic to Nearctic Beringian dispersal in the Late Palaeocene to Eocene. Alternatively, a trans-Pacific rafting scenario would extend the upper limit on dispersal to the Late Cretaceous. Either scenario constitutes a remarkable long-distance dispersal in what would seem an unlikely candidate.

scholarly journals Phylogeography of two Andean frogs: Test of vicariance versus elevational gradient models of diversification

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Koscinski ◽  
Paul Handford ◽  
Pablo L. Tubaro ◽  
Peiwen Li ◽  
Stephen C. Lougheed
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Northwestern Argentina ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Range

ABSTRACTThe tropical and subtropical Andes have among the highest levels of biodiversity in the world. Understanding the forces that underlie speciation and diversification in the Andes is a major focus of research. Here we tested two hypotheses of species origins in the Andes: 1. Vicariance mediated by orogenesis or shifting habitat distribution. 2. Parapatric diversification along elevational environmental gradients. We also sought insights on the factors that impacted the phylogeography of co-distributed taxa, and the influences of divergent species ecology on population genetic structure. We used phylogeographic and coalescent analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data to compare genetic diversity and evolutionary history of two frog species: Pleurodema borellii (Family: Leiuperidae, 130 individuals; 20 sites), and Hypsiboas riojanus (Family: Hyllidae, 258 individuals; 23 sites) across their shared range in northwestern Argentina. The two showed concordant phylogeographic structuring, and our analyses support the vicariance model over the elevational gradient model. However, Pleurodema borellii exhibited markedly deeper temporal divergence (≥4 Ma) than H. riojanus (1-2 Ma). The three main mtDNA lineages of P. borellii were nearly allopatric and diverged between 4-10 Ma. At similar spatial scales, differentiation was less in the putatively more habitat-specialized H. riojanus than in the more generalist P. borellii. Similar allopatric distributions of major lineages for both species implies common causes of historical range fragmentation and vicariance. However, different divergence times among clades presumably reflect different demographic histories, permeability of different historical barriers at different times, and/or difference in life history attributes and sensitivities to historical environmental change. Our research enriches our understanding of the phylogeography of the Andes in northwestern Argentina.

The water flea Daphnia pulex (Cladocera, Daphniidae), a possible model organism to evaluate aspects of freshwater ecosystems

Crustaceana ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1415-1426
Author(s):  
Juan-Alejandro Norambuena ◽  
Jorge Farías ◽  
Patricio De los Ríos
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Daphnia Pulex ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Intraspecific Diversity ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
Water Flea ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Molecular Studies

Abstract Daphnia pulex is a freshwater planktonic crustacean, allegedly a cosmopolitan species, which is found in lentic ecosystems. The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review of D. pulex related to its life history and genetic variability, in order to mark a route for future studies. We noted that D. pulex is a model species on which ecological studies have been carried out, as well as molecular studies, in which its molecular diversity has been characterized and such in specimens from different environments: both pristine and under human influence. In particular those studies are highlighted, in which molecular tools have been used to construct phylogenetic trees for study intraspecific differences. Also, in some of these molecular studies, analyses of genetic, inter- and intraspecific diversity have been performed. In addition, analyses of protein expression in D. pulex and related species seem promising in evaluating the detailed role of this species.

The evolutionary history of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
RS Hill ◽  
GJ Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Interesting Insight ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Singular Event ◽  
History Of ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
The Relationship

A cladistic analysis of Nothofagus is presented. Comparison of potential outgroups (Fagus and Betulaceae) suggests that Fagus is most satisfactory, but clear morphological differences between it and Nothofagus support the placement of the latter in the monogeneric family Nothofagaceae. The cladistic analysis supports the four subgenera and four extant pollen groups proposed in the most recent revisions and is consistent with the extensive fossil record, although not especially supported by it. The evolution of the deciduous or evergreen habit. so long considered a singular event of importance in Nothofagus, probably occurred several times, and is an example of parallel evolution. Resolution within subgenera is not high in most cases, but subgenus Lophozonia offers a particularly interesting insight into the relationship among extant species and the role of rare long distance dispersal across significant ocean barriers in Nothofagus biogeography. More data are required to refine the phylogeny.

scholarly journals Two new Chrysomyxa rust species on the endemic plant, Picea asperata in western China, and expanded description of C. succinea

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 292 (3) ◽  
pp. 218 ◽  
Author(s):  
JING CAO ◽  
CHENGMING TIAN ◽  
YINGMEI LIANG ◽  
CHONGJUAN YOU
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Western China ◽  
Endemic Plant ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Species Cluster ◽  
Picea Asperata ◽  
First Time

Two new rust species, Chrysomyxa diebuensis and C. zhuoniensis, on Picea asperata are recognized by morphological characters and DNA sequence data. A detailed description, illustrations, and discussion concerning morphologically similar and phylogenetically closely related species are provided for each species. From light and scanning electron microscopy observations C. diebuensis is characterized by the nailhead to peltate aeciospores, with separated stilt-like base. C. zhuoniensis differs from other known Chrysomyxa species in the annulate aeciospores with distinct longitudinal smooth cap at ends of spores, as well as with a broken, fissured edge. Analysis based on internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) partial gene sequences reveals that the two species cluster as a highly supported group in the phylogenetic trees. Correlations between the morphological and phylogenetic features are discussed. Illustrations and a detailed description are also provided for the aecia of C. succinea in China for the first time.

scholarly journals Genome-scale DNA sequence data and the evolutionary history of placental mammals

Data in Brief ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 1972-1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoyuan Wu ◽  
Scott Edwards ◽  
Liang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genome Scale

The invasive coconut mite Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae): origin and invasion sources inferred from mitochondrial (16S) and nuclear (ITS) sequences

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 505-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Navia ◽  
G.J. de Moraes ◽  
G. Roderick ◽  
M. Navajas
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Aceria Guerreronis ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Coconut Mite ◽  
Ocean Region ◽  
Invasion Routes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
Production Areas

AbstractOver the past 30 years the coconut mite Aceria guerreronis Keifer has emerged as one of the most important pests of coconut and has recently spread to most coconut production areas worldwide. The mite has not been recorded in the Indo-Pacific region, the area of origin of coconut, suggesting that it has infested coconut only recently. To investigate the geographical origin, ancestral host associations, and colonization history of the mite, DNA sequence data from two mitochondrial and one nuclear region were obtained from samples of 29 populations from the Americas, Africa and the Indo-ocean region. Mitochondrial DNA 16S ribosomal sequences were most diverse in Brazil, which contained six of a total of seven haplotypes. A single haplotype was shared by non-American mites. Patterns of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) variation were similar, again with the highest nucleotide diversity found in Brazil. These results suggest an American origin of the mite and lend evidence to a previous hypothesis that the original host of the mite is a non-coconut palm. In contrast to the diversity in the Americas, all samples from Africa and Asia were identical or very similar, consistent with the hypothesis that the mite invaded these regions recently from a common source. Although the invasion routes of this mite are still only partially reconstructed, the study rules out coconut as the ancestral host of A. guerreronis, thus prompting a reassessment of efforts using quarantine and biological control to check the spread of the pest.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document