scholarly journals Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1526) ◽  
pp. 2115-2126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Hopewell ◽  
Robert Dvorak ◽  
Edward Kosior
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Product Reuse

Plastics are inexpensive, lightweight and durable materials, which can readily be moulded into a variety of products that find use in a wide range of applications. As a consequence, the production of plastics has increased markedly over the last 60 years. However, current levels of their usage and disposal generate several environmental problems. Around 4 per cent of world oil and gas production, a non-renewable resource, is used as feedstock for plastics and a further 3–4% is expended to provide energy for their manufacture. A major portion of plastic produced each year is used to make disposable items of packaging or other short-lived products that are discarded within a year of manufacture. These two observations alone indicate that our current use of plastics is not sustainable. In addition, because of the durability of the polymers involved, substantial quantities of discarded end-of-life plastics are accumulating as debris in landfills and in natural habitats worldwide. Recycling is one of the most important actions currently available to reduce these impacts and represents one of the most dynamic areas in the plastics industry today. Recycling provides opportunities to reduce oil usage, carbon dioxide emissions and the quantities of waste requiring disposal. Here, we briefly set recycling into context against other waste-reduction strategies, namely reduction in material use through downgauging or product reuse, the use of alternative biodegradable materials and energy recovery as fuel. While plastics have been recycled since the 1970s, the quantities that are recycled vary geographically, according to plastic type and application. Recycling of packaging materials has seen rapid expansion over the last decades in a number of countries. Advances in technologies and systems for the collection, sorting and reprocessing of recyclable plastics are creating new opportunities for recycling, and with the combined actions of the public, industry and governments it may be possible to divert the majority of plastic waste from landfills to recycling over the next decades.

scholarly journals Project Atlantis

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (03) ◽  
pp. S4-S7
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Franchek
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Bubble Flow ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Transient Transport ◽  
University Of Houston ◽  
Time Optimization ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Real Time Optimization

This paper explores the reach and use of subsea engineering. Subsea engineering presents many new challenges and opportunities for engineers from any discipline. The fundamental engineering challenges facing today’s ultra-deepwater oil and gas production reside under a new engineering discipline, the subsea engineer. Designing subsea systems for 30-year-long controllability, safety, maintenance, and real-time optimization are critical issues and present an open-ended problem. Safety is absolutely a primary focus on any subsea production system design. There must be multiple independent safety paths in place to isolate a producing well. The most common subsea safety system is located within the well. Pioneering work performed at the university of Houston provided mathematical relationships to predict the flow regime given gas and liquid velocities, including dispersed bubble flow, elongated bubble flow, slug flow, stratified flow, etc. There is an unexplored coupling between the transient multiphase flow and the heat transfer. The field of modeling multiphase transient transport is important to the subsea architecture design and real-time optimization of subsea production.

scholarly journals The Assessment of the Impact of Sanctions on Russia for Oil & Gas Industry and Defence Industry Complex of Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Kazantsev
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Foreign Earnings ◽  
Defence Industry ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

The article presents the results of the author’s research of the impact of a wide range of restrictions and prohibitions applied to theRussian Federation, used by a number of countries for their geopolitical purposes and as a means of competition. The object of study was the impact of anti-Russian sanctions on the development of Oil & Gas industry and defence industry complex ofRussiain 2014–2016. The purpose of the analysis was to assess the impact of sanctions on the volume of oil and gas production, the dynamics of foreign earnings from the export of oil and gas, and of foreign earnings from the sale abroad of military and civilian products of the Russian defence industry complex (DIC). As the research method, the author used the economic analysis of the time series of statistical data presented in open statistics and literature. The author showed that some countries use the anti-Russian sanctions as a means of political, financial, economic, scientific, and technological struggle with the leadership ofRussiaand Russian economic entities. It is noteworthy that their introduction in 2014 coincided with the readiness of theUSto export gas and oil, which required a niche in the international energy market. The imposed sanctions have affected the volume of oil production inRussia, which was one of the factors of reduction of foreign earnings from the country’s oil and gas exports. However, the Russian defence industry complex has relatively well experienced the negative impact of sanctions and other non-market instruments of competition

Adopting Subsea Separation Technologies for Deepwater West-Africa: A Review Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ndubuisi Uchechukwu Okereke ◽  
Isaac Anayo Ogazi ◽  
Anitie Umofia ◽  
Nimi Abili ◽  
Nnaemeka Princewill Ohia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Offshore Oil And Gas ◽  
Offshore Oil

Abstract Recent developments in offshore oil and gas production indicate a trend of deployment of subsea separation technologies in a reasonable number of offshore oil and gas fields in the Northsea and Offshore Brazil. Although Pazflor field Offshore Angola has adopted a vertical gravity separator, there is still a slow acceptance of this technology in Offshore West-Africa. This work reviewed over ten technical papers and also captured expert views; identifying some of the challenges and potential benefits of subsea separation technologies to deepwater West-Africa. Subsea separation of gas and liquid phase for instance creates the opportunity to overcome hydrostatic pressure in lifting the produced fluid to the topside Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessel using single phase or hybrid pumps. Gas/liquid phase separation could also reduce possibility of flow assurance challenges like hydrates formation and slugging. In spite of these potential advantages, there are also challenges facing the deployment of subsea separation, especillay in West Africa oil fields. This work reviewed current trends, opportunities, challenges and best practices with respect to subsea separation. Also, possibility of a future driven by compact separators in deepwater environments was explored in this work. Strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis was conducted to identify the key technical challenges and opportunities of already deployed subsea separation technologies in Pazflor and Shell BC 10 field. Improved phase separation was identified as one of the key benefits of compact separators. The challenges in accessing installation vessels for deployment of gravity based subsea separators in West-Africa was also highlighted as one of the key technical challenge in the deployment of subsea separators in Offshore West-Africa. Recommendations for future subsea separation technologies application in Deepwater West-Africa was also done in this work.

New Spar Design for Floating Offshore Wind Turbine With Damping Plates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigesuke Ishida ◽  
Yasutaka Imai
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbine ◽  
Ballast Tank ◽  
Pitching Motion ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Truss Spar

Abstract Spar is one of the promising floating structures which support wind turbine at sea. In general, some lower part of spar is used as a ballast tank. It is possible to replace this part with other shapes without water-tightness because this part does not contribute to buoyancy nor stability to support the weight or heeling moment of wind turbine. In the field of oil and gas production, truss spar has been developed with this concept and the lower part consists of heave plates. However, for wind turbine, pitching motion is more important than heaving. The authors changed this part to four vertical damping plates to reduce this motion. The effect of the central gap and holes in the damping plates were investigated because these parameters have effects on flow separation and hydrodynamic forces. The motions in waves of the new spars were compared with a classic spar of the same dimensions and stability. The proposed vertical damping plates, with central gap or holes, work to reduce the pitching motion in wide range of wave frequency. Considering the expected cost reduction and some motion reduction, the promising nature of the proposed spar revealed.

Barite-Scaling Risk and Inhibition at High Temperature

SPE Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (01) ◽  
pp. 069-079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangfu Zhang ◽  
Zhaoyi Dai ◽  
Chao Yan ◽  
Narayan Bhandari ◽  
Fei Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Pressure Tube ◽  
Semiempirical Model ◽  
Dynamic Flow ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Wide Range

Summary Barite (BaSO4) is one of the common scales in oil-and-gas production. Extensive work has been conducted to study barite nucleation and inhibition at temperatures below 100°C. However, with the advance in deepwater exploration and production (E&P) which can encounter high-temperature (HT) conditions, a better understanding of barite-scaling risk at HT (e.g., > 150°C) becomes essential. In this paper, a systematic study was conducted to explore barite nucleation kinetics from 70 to 200°C in synthetic brines containing phosphonate (0–10 ppm) or polymeric (5–10 ppm) scale inhibitors. A 2-hour protection time with or without any detectable barite nucleation was used to define the scaling risk. To detect barite nucleation, two novel apparatuses were developed—a modified dynamic flow loop and a batch reactor. The modified dynamic flow loop has a retention time of up to 4 hours and is ideal to carry out experiments at higher than 100°C. Ba concentrations in the effluents were monitored to determine barite nucleation more precisely compared with traditional “tube blocking” technique. The new batch reactor uses our newly developed laser-detection method, a transparent pressure tube, and an oil bath. The transparent pressure tube allows laser light to pass through and can withstand 150-psi pressure at 175°C, therefore providing an efficient approach to study the precipitation kinetics of scales and to evaluate inhibition efficiency of inhibitors at HT. Constant inhibitor-concentration isopleths of diethylenetriamine pentamethylene phosphonic acid (DTPMP) for barite inhibition were constructed on the basis of our experimental data. Finally, a semiempirical model that is based on data of barite nucleation and inhibition kinetics from this study and previous work was built to predict scaling risk of barite at different physicochemical conditions. This model covers a wide range of temperature (from 4 to 200°C) and brine compositions. It also covers the effect of Ba2+–SO42− ratio in solution, common cations (e.g., Ca2+), and thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors on barite precipitation. Model precipitations were found to be consistent with field observations. The results of this study can guide the design of barite-scale treatment for HT oil-and-gas production.

Digital Platform for E&P Assets Business Process Optimization with a Module for Estimation and Optimizing of Portfolio of Investment Projects for Oil and Gas Production. Case Study.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Igorevna Frolova ◽  
Dmitry Olegovich Tailakov ◽  
Nikita Konstantinovich Kayurov ◽  
Stanislav Anatolyevich Frolov ◽  
Denis Nikolaevich Tokarev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Optimization ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Process Ontology ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Due to increase in cost and complexity of oil and gas production processes it becomes necessary to develop a platform for automated analysis of the main business processes of oil and gas assets for the automatic formation of investment projects portfolios for oil and gas production, taking into account the variability of technical and infrastructural characteristics, the mutual influence of objects and profitability indicators. The paper presents a description of platform prototype designed to form an optimized portfolio of investment projects for oil and gas production. The platform was developed using a process ontology, modern optimization tools and up-to-date techniques. The peculiarity of the proposed platform is in the use of a process ontology, which allows to link the life-time processes of objects with each other and throughout the entire time of asset assessment. The platform makes it easy to operate with real objects and their characteristics. The platform is based on the following models: – simulation model - repeats the business processes of the enterprise, indicating bottlenecks and improvement zones for management, it is a set of direct mathematical problems; – optimization model - creates opportunities for multi-criteria analysis, by eliminating manual processing, for modeling and managing various processes, as well as creating a wide range of development options (geological capabilities, geophysical interpretation, etc.). It is a solution to inverse problems with respect to specified criteria related to economic indicators. This paper shows the effect of implementing software based on the digital twin of enterprise processes, implemented as an integrated platform with the ability to connect specialized programs and simulators (SAP, 1C, IPM GAP, Repos, Eclipse, etc.) To calculate the economic indicators (FCF, NPV, PI, DPP) of individual investment projects and the formation, the possibilities of process optimization were taken into account in order to achieve the target indicators of the enterprise. As a result of the optimization, there is an enumeration of the options according to the algorithm and the selection of the most optimal ones, taking into account a variety of technological, landscape and hydrodynamic characteristics. Thus, a high-quality assessment of investment projects and taking into account a variety of characteristics when forming a portfolio of investment projects when forming a strategy for the development of an oil and gas asset is required. The novelty of the work lies in the developed multi-criteria optimization model. As a result of the performed work, the accuracy of calculations of technical and economic indicators and the optimality of the selected project portfolios for a given target function, taking into account the restrictions, implemented on the basis of digital twins of key business processes of oil and gas enterprises, were confirmed.

scholarly journals Research of current distribution by phases in asynchronous electric motor with a combined winding

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
E. I. Gracheva ◽  
T. V. Tabachnikova ◽  
L. V. Shvetskova
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Power Bus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Production Complex

THE PURPOSE. To consider the features of power supply system of oil and gas production complex, variety of layout of electrical complexes of producing wells. To develop a universal methodology for determining optimal voltage value in power supply center, that is, on substation power bus.METHODS. When calculating voltage in power supply center, which provides a certain amount of voltage on stator of most remote electric motor, method of equalizing potentials in nodes of outgoing line was used when calculating loads of elements of electrical complexes of producing wells. The development of a methodology for calculating optimal voltage of power supply center was carried out using the method of cognition, which was called ascent from simple to complex. The search for optimal voltage value of power supply center must be carried out by numerical methods with involvement of a software product that allows use of search algorithms.RESULTS. The article proposes a method for calculating optimal voltage of power supply center of outgoing line of an oil and gas producing enterprise. The developed technique can be applied under a wide range of energy optimization criteria and for any configuration of outgoing line circuit, takes into account technological features of the process of mechanized oil production and ensures a reduction in electricity consumption.CONCLUSION. The calculation method considered in article makes it possible to develop an optimal list of organizational and technical measures for voltage regulation in distribution network in order to reduce power consumption.

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