scholarly journals Population ageing: what should we worry about?

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1532) ◽  
pp. 3009-3021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adair Turner
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Replacement Ratio ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Mechanistic Approach ◽  
Fixed Proportion ◽  
Slow Rise ◽  
Optimizing Model ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Approximately half the world's population now has replacement-level fertility or below. The UK experience in accommodating to a changing dependency ratio provides some generalizable insights. A mechanistic approach assuming a fixed retirement age and a need to raise fertility or increase immigration in order to maintain pensions at a fixed proportion of the gross domestic product (GDP) is overstated and wrong. It needs to be replaced by a welfare optimizing model, which takes into account the increasing years of healthy life, a slow rise in the pensionable age, capital inheritance and wider welfare considerations of population density that are not reflected in GDP measures. A combined replacement ratio (CRR) is suggested for developed countries combining the impact of the fertility rate and immigration rate. A CRR above 2 implies continued population growth. The current UK CRR of 2.48 is higher than needed for pension reasons, and it is suggested that it exceeds the welfare maximizing level.

Minimising medical litigation: a review of key tort and legal reforms

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Tan
Keyword(s):  
Medical Malpractice ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
The Us ◽  
Tort System ◽  
Medical Litigation ◽  
Tort Reforms ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The traditional tort system in medical malpractice is increasingly perceived as being incapable of addressing the mismatch between claims and negligent injuries. Tort reforms have been introduced in various developed countries in an attempt to bring about greater fairness and economic sustainability in the compensation of medical injuries and to reduce the overall rate of medical litigation. This paper reviews the key tort reforms that have been used in various countries, notably the US and the UK, and discusses the arguments that had been put forth by advocates and opponents of such reforms. The impact of these tort reforms, where studied and available, is also reviewed and discussed in the paper.

Socio-economic disadvantage and poverty

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-114
Author(s):  
Alisoun Milne
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Fundamental Building Block ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Uk ◽  
State Pension ◽  
The Impact

Chapter 5 is the first of three chapters exploring the impact of age related risks affecting particular sub populations of older people. Socioeconomic disadvantage in later life tends to reflect a lifecourse status. It amplifies what is already present. In 2016/17 one million older people were living in poverty; an additional 1.2 million were living just above the poverty line. These numbers are rising. Those aged 85 years or over, frail older people, older women and single older people are particularly at risk. Poor older people are also more likely to live in poor housing and be exposed to fuel poverty. Being poor - and its concomitants - compromises mental health in a number of profound ways. It undermines an older person’s capacity to make choices, retain independence, save for a crisis, maintain social contacts and be digitally included. It is linked with worry, loss of control over life and shame. Poor older people are at heightened risk of isolation and loneliness, stress, anxiety and depression. The UK has a weak policy record, compared with other developed countries, of sustainably and coherently addressing poverty in later life. One of the cornerstones of doing so is a continued commitment to the basic state pension as a fundamental building block of a secure old age. Addressing poor housing is also pivotal.

scholarly journals Can't wait to get my pension: the effect of raising the female early retirement age on income, poverty and deprivation

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONATHAN CRIBB ◽  
CARL EMMERSON
Keyword(s):  
Early Retirement ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Pension Income ◽  
Proportional Effect ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe estimate the impact of increasing the female early retirement age (ERA) on household living standards. Examining the increase in the female ERA from 60 to 63 in the UK, we find increased earnings only partially offset lost public pension income, leaving affected women's household incomes £32 per week lower on average. The proportional effect was substantially larger for women in lower income households. This increased the income poverty rate among affected women by 6.4 percentage points. We find no evidence of an increased inability to afford important material items, potentially suggesting that material deprivation has been avoided through smoothing of consumption.

scholarly journals Switching LPS to LED Streetlight May Dramatically Reduce Activity and Foraging of Bats

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kerbiriou ◽  
Kévin Barré ◽  
Léa Mariton ◽  
Julie Pauwels ◽  
Georges Zissis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Spectral Composition ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Street Lighting ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Reduce Activity ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Artificial light at night is considered a major threat to biodiversity, especially for nocturnal species, as it reduces habitat availability, quality, and functionality. Since the recent evolution in light technologies in improving luminous efficacy, developed countries are experiencing a renewal of their lighting equipment that reaches its end-of-life, from conventional lighting technologies to light emitting diodes (LEDs). Despite potential cascading impacts of such a shift on nocturnal fauna, few studies have so far dealt with the impact of the renewal of street lighting by new technologies. Specifically, only one study, by Rowse et al.2016, examined the effects of switching from widely used low pressure sodium (LPS) lamps to LEDs, using bats as biological models. This study was based on a before-after-control-impact paired design (BACIP) at 12 pairs in the UK, each including one control and one experimental streetlight. If Rowse et al. 2016 showed no effect of switching to LEDs streetlights on bat activity, the effects of respective changes in light intensity and spectrum were not disentangled when testing switch effects. Here, we conduct a retrospective analysis of their data to include these covariates in statistical models with the aim of disentangling the relative effects of these light characteristics. Our re-analysis clearly indicates that the switches in spectrum and in intensity with replacement of LPS with LED lamps have significant additive and interactive effects, on bat activity. We also show that bat activity and buzz ratio decrease with increasing LED intensity while an opposite effect is observed with LPS lamps. Hence, the loss or the gain in bat activity when lamp types, i.e., spectrum, are switched strongly depends on the initial and new lamp intensities. Our results stress the need to consider simultaneously the effects of changes in the different lights characteristics when street lighting changes. Because switches from LPS to LED lamps can lead to an increase in light intensity, such technological changes may involve a reduction of bat activity in numerous cases, especially at high LED intensities. Since we are currently at an important crossroad in lighting management, we recommend to limit LED intensity and improve its spectral composition toward warmer colors to limit potential deleterious impacts on bat activity.

Job satisfaction, expected retirement financial insufficiency, and the expected retirement age of the entrepreneurs: an attraction-selection-attrition theory perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Qu
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Bayesian Monte Carlo ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Expected Retirement Age ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Underpinned by the attraction-selection-attrition theory, this paper aims to investigate the impact of entrepreneurship on an individual’s expected retirement age and explore how job satisfaction and expected retirement financial insufficiency (ERFI) as key factors can explain that. Design/methodology/approach A framework including direct and indirect relationships among key factors is empirically tested by using a pooled data sets consists of 13,420 individuals from the UK Household Longitudinal Survey, the analysis uses the entropy balance matching method and combined with quasi-bayesian monte Carlo method and hierarchy regressions to enhance the robustness of results. Findings The research finds entrepreneurs plan to retire later than organizational employees. In addition, a strong mediating impact of job satisfaction and moderating role of ERFI on the relationship between entrepreneurship and expected retirement age is verified. Originality/value The theoretical perspective and findings offer a novel insight into the research on entrepreneurs’ decision of retirement. The findings suggest entrepreneurs as crucial policy stakeholders contribute to retirement deferment should be valued. Effective interventions could be delicately designed in the future to unleash the potential of entrepreneurship in dealing with aging challenges.

A survey of public scientific literacy in China

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongliang Zhang ◽  
Jiansheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literacy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Basic Component ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Scientific Terms ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chinese Public

There is growing recognition in developed countries that public scientific literacy is a basic component of long-term social and economic growth. In recent years, surveys of public scientific literacy have been conducted in the USA, the UK and elsewhere, and various efforts are being made to improve the level of public scientific literacy. The first survey of Chinese public scientific literacy was conducted in September 1990. This paper reports a portion of the statistical results of that survey. It reveals the Chinese public's level of understanding of scientific terms and methods, scientific conclusions, and attitudes towards the impact of science and technology on society. Comparisons are also made with survey data from the USA and the UK.

scholarly journals Multi-State Analysis of the Impact of Childhood Starvation on the Healthy Life Expectancy of the Elderly in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiling Dong ◽  
Bingyi Wu ◽  
Qunhong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Child malnutrition is not only common in developing countries, but also an important issue faced by developed countries. This study aimed to explore the influence and degree of childhood starvation on the health of the elderly, which providing a reference for formulating health-related policies under the concept of full-life cycle health. Methods: Based on Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) in 2008, 2011 and 2014, this paper took a total of 13,185 elderly people aged 65-99 years as the target population. By IMaCH software, with age, gender, and income level as the control variables, and the average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy of the elderly was measured. The test was used to explore the differences in socio-economic status of elderly people with or without starvation in childhood. The paired t test was used to analyze the difference both average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy. Results: (1) Transition probabilities in health-disability, health-death, and disability-death all showed an upward trend with age(P<0.05), where the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood were higher than those without such an experience(P<0.05). However, the probability of disability-health recovery showed a downward trend with age(P<0.05), whereas the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood were lower than those without starvation(P<0.05).(2) For the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood, the health indicators of the average life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy proportion accounted for the remaining life were lower than those of the elderly without childhood starvation (P<0.05).Conclusions: The negative impact of childhood starvation on health through the life course till old age, has a persistent negative cumulative effect on the quantity and quality of life for the elderly. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the nutritional status of children in poor families from the perspective of social policy-making.

scholarly journals Multi-State Analysis of the Impact of Childhood Starvation on the Healthy Life Expectancy of the Elderly in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
huiling dong ◽  
Bingyi Wu ◽  
Qunhong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Child malnutrition is not only common in developing countries, but also an important issue faced by developed countries. This study aimed to explore the influence and degree of childhood starvation on the health of the elderly population, which providing a reference for formulating health-related policies under the concept of full-life cycle health. Methods: Based on CLHLS longitudinal data in 2008, 2011 and 2014, this paper took a total of 13,185 elderly people aged 65-99 years as the target population. By IMaCH software, with age, gender, and income level as the control variables, and the healthy life expectancy of the elderly in China was measured. The[test was used to explore the differences in socio-economic status of elderly people with or without starvation in childhood. The paired t test was used to analyze the difference both of healthy life expectancy and healthy life expectancy proportion accounted for remaining life. Results: (1) Transition probabilities in health-disability, health-death and disability-death(P<0.05) all showed an upward trend with age, where the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood were higher than those without such an experience. However, the probability of disability-health recovery showed a downward trend with age, whereas the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood were lower than those without starvation(P<0.05).(2) For the elderly who experienced starvation in childhood, the health indicators of the average life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy proportion accounted for the remaining life were lower than those of the elderly without childhood starvation (P<0.05).Conclusions: The negative impact of childhood starvation on health through the life course till old age, has a persistent negative cumulative effect on the quantity and quality of life for the elderly population; Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the nutritional status of children in poor families from the perspective of social policy-making.

Meeting consumer demands for milk and identifying research priorities

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
J. D. Leaver ◽  
J. Santos Flores ◽  
S. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Consumer Demand ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Research Agendas ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe demand for dairy products is rising steeply in developing countries with increasing per capita incomes, in particular in Asia and Latin America. In contrast consumption is relatively static in developed countries. Only about 6% of global milk production is traded with the European Union (EU) being the major exporter, followed by New Zealand and Australia.A conceptual model of driving force, state and response (DSR) is used to describe the dynamic in which research agendas have to be set within the milk production and consumption environment. Two countries with contrasting dairy industries, Mexico and the United Kingdom (UK) are discussed in relation to the DSR model and the implications for their research agendas. Mexico is a large importer of milk powder and has a milk production industry which consists of predominantly small- to medium-sized farms in a range of climatic regions, with poor farmer to consumer infrastructure. The UK has a well developed industry from farmer to consumer but has problems of milk quota restrictions, declining subsidies and the impact of BSE. Consumer demand in Mexico is in general for more dairy products at competitive prices, whereas in the UK, consumer demand is declining and there is a greater emphasis on food safety, animal welfare and environmental implications of dairying. Consequently the research agendas for the two countries have to be different.In both countries, researchers dominate the research agendas, having a substantial influence on research priorities and the topics and modes of research. If the problems relating to the milk production and consumption environment are to be addressed, the relevant stakeholders within the DSR model need to be participants in setting research agendas. This should lead to less inappropriate research being carried out and to improved adoption pathways. Participatory approaches to research agendas involve stakeholders both in the prioritization of research and in its implementation.

HEALTHY LIFE EXPECTANCY IN THE CONTEXT OF POPULATION AGING: GLOBAL TRENDS IN THE COVID-19 ERA

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-9
Author(s):  
N.V. Goroshko ◽  
◽  
E.K. Emelyanova ◽  
S.V. Patsala ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Global Development ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
The Impact

Significance. Healthy life expectancy in the world is gradually increasing in the context of a progressive increase in the number and share of older people compared to the rest of the population. These are the most visible trends in the global development. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has become an unprecedented challenge to the mankind, threatening to slow down these processes due to the high mortality in older ages. Purpose of the study: to define trends in the global development of the aging process both “deep” and “wide”. Subject of the study: Healthy life expectancy in the context of population aging in the COVID-19 era. Material and methods. Statistical materials of WHO, UN, Eurostat and methods of general logical, analytical, statistical analysis and empirical research. Results. The nature of possible changes in the age structure and healthy life expectancy in the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic has been identified. Conclusion. The impact of the “pandemic effect” on healthy life expectancy and the age structure of the population will be more pronounced in economically developed countries, despite achievements in the healthcare system and developments in medicine. In such settings the depth of the population aging has already reached its maximum, therefore, the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, which are most negative among the elderly, will be more pronounced compared to the developing world.

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