scholarly journals The interplay between social networks and culture: theoretically and among whales and dolphins

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1618) ◽  
pp. 20120340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Cantor ◽  
Hal Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Network Topology ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Cultural Symbols ◽  
Begging Behaviour ◽  
Specific Behaviour ◽  
The Social

Culture is increasingly being understood as a driver of mammalian phenotypes. Defined as group-specific behaviour transmitted by social learning, culture is shaped by social structure. However, culture can itself affect social structure if individuals preferentially interact with others whose behaviour is similar, or cultural symbols are used to mark groups. Using network formalism, this interplay can be depicted by the coevolution of nodes and edges together with the coevolution of network topology and transmission patterns. We review attempts to model the links between the spread, persistence and diversity of culture and the network topology of non-human societies. We illustrate these processes using cetaceans. The spread of socially learned begging behaviour within a population of bottlenose dolphins followed the topology of the social network, as did the evolution of the song of the humpback whale between breeding areas. In three bottlenose dolphin populations, individuals preferentially associated with animals using the same socially learned foraging behaviour. Homogeneous behaviour within the tight, nearly permanent social structures of the large matrilineal whales seems to result from transmission bias, with cultural symbols marking social structures. We recommend the integration of studies of culture and society in species for which social learning is an important determinant of behaviour.

scholarly journals Genetic relatedness delineates the social structure of southern Australian bottlenose dolphins

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 948-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Diaz-Aguirre ◽  
Guido J Parra ◽  
Cecilia Passadore ◽  
Luciana Möller
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Photo Identification ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modularity Analysis ◽  
Network Metrics

AbstractSocial relationships represent an adaptive behavioral strategy that can provide fitness benefits to individuals. Within mammalian societies, delphinids are known to form diverse grouping patterns and show a variety of social systems. However, how ecological and intrinsic factors have shaped the evolution of such diverse societies is still not well understood. In this study, we used photo-identification data and biopsy samples collected between March 2013 and October 2015 in Coffin Bay, a heterogeneous environment in South Australia, to investigate the social structure of southern Australian bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops cf. australis). Based on the data from 657 groups of dolphins, we used generalized affiliation indices, and applied social network and modularity methods to study affiliation patterns among individuals and investigate the potential presence of social communities within the population. In addition, we investigated genetic relatedness and kinship relationships within and between the communities identified. Modularity analysis revealed that the Coffin Bay population is structured into 2 similar sized, mixed-sex communities which differed in ranging patterns, affiliation levels and network metrics. Lagged association rates also indicated that nonrandom affiliations persisted over the study period. The genetic analyses suggested that there was higher relatedness, and a higher proportion of inferred full-sibs and half-sibs, within than between communities. We propose that differences in environmental conditions between the bays and kinship relationships are important factors contributing to the delineation and maintenance of this social structure.

Profit as Social Rent: Embeddedness and Stratification in Markets

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Muennich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Rent Extraction ◽  
Free Competition ◽  
The Social

This article shows how research on the social structure of markets may contribute to the analysis the growing income inequality in contemporary capitalist economies. The author proposes a theoretical link between embeddedness and social stratification by discussing the role of institutions and networks in markets for the distribution of economic profits between firms. The author claims that we must understand profit and free competition as opposites, as economic theory does. In the main part of the article the author illustrates six typical mechanisms of rent extraction from networks or formal and symbolic rules that embed markets. They emerge from material as well as symbolical access to and influence on the orientation of other market actors. Social structures in markets lead to unequal chances for rent extraction, even if actors produce them for coordination rather than for accumulation purposes. This is how market sociology and theory of capitalism can be linked more closely.

The Social Structure of Free-Ranging Bottlenose Dolphins

1987 ◽  
pp. 247-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall S. Wells ◽  
Michael D. Scott ◽  
A. Blair Irvine
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
The Social ◽  
Free Ranging

Feminist Challenges to the Social Structure and Sex Roles

1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen R. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Sex Roles ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Feminine Identity ◽  
Voluntary Childlessness ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Complex Relationships

A social-psychological and historical context for understanding contemporary sex roles, fertility, parenting, and the family is provided by reviewing origins and objectives of the Women's Movement. Feminist efforts to change social structures affecting women's choice of roles and fertility require continued attention. Increased voluntary childlessness seriously challenges the concept of motherhood as central to adult feminine identity and legitimization of choice in whether or not to become a parent provides a new context for studying women, sex roles, fertility, and their complex relationships to the social structure. Continued challenges to premises, methodologies, and conclusions of such research are urged.

Cetacean culture: Still afloat after the first naval engagement of the culture wars

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Rendell ◽  
Hal Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Culture Wars ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
The Social ◽  
In The Wild

Although the majority of commentators implicitly or explicitly accept that field data allow us to ascribe culture to whales, dolphins, and other nonhumans, there is no consensus. While we define culture as information or behaviour shared by a population or subpopulation which is acquired from conspecifics through some form of social learning, some commentators suggest restricting this by requiring imitation/teaching, human analogy, adaptiveness, stability across generations, progressive evolution (ratchetting), or specific functions. Such restrictions fall down because they either preclude the attribution of culture to nonhumans using currently available methods, or exclude parts of human culture. The evidence for cetacean culture is strong in some cases, but weak in others. The commentaries provide important information on the social learning abilities of bottlenose dolphins and some interesting speculation about the evolution of cetacean cultures and differences between the cultures of different taxa. We maintain that some attributes of cetacean culture are currently unknown outside humans. While experimental studies, both in the laboratory and in the wild, have an important role in the study of culture in whales and dolphins (for instance in determining whether dolphins have a Theory-of-Mind), the real treasures will be uncovered by long-term observational studies at sea using new approaches and technologies.

COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY AND COMPLETION OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Mower White
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Balance Principle ◽  
The Social

Seventy-two Ss, of whom half were cognitively complex and half cognitively simple, made predictions about unknown relations in four-person social structures. Structures differed in the number of relations given. For those with two or three relations given, predictions of cognitively complex and cognitively simple Ss did not differ, all Ss making balanced predictions. For those with four or five relations given, cognitively complex Ss, to a greater extent than cognitively simple Ss, made balanced predictions. Cognitively simple Ss tended to make predictions based on consideration of fewer relations in the social structure. It is suggested that this result supports the contention that cognitively simple Ss become “overloaded” by smaller amounts of information than do cognitively complex Ss, and that such an explanation has relevance to the interpretation of the balance principle as a conceptual rule.

“Taking the Gravel Road”: Educational Aspirations of Working Class Malay Youths

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadzli Bin Baharom Adzahar
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Educational Aspirations ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
Close Correspondence ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gravel Road

Abstract Applying Bourdieu’s theoretical framework on the correspondence between mental structures and social structures, this paper examines the persistence of educational underachievement among working class Malay youths in Singapore. Accordingly, my first objective is to document the social structure, namely a largely working class neighbourhood where these Malay youths have grown up. My second aim is to analyse how everyday cultural practices and interactions among peers in the neighbourhood significantly reinforced these youths’ levelled aspirations. I maintain that by believing in ‘taking the gravel road’, which is symbolically rough, uneven and uncertain, these youths justified the irrelevance of doing well in school. Succinctly, this essay demonstrates the close correspondence between the perceptions of the odds of success and the educational underperformance of the Malay youths. Hence, this paper would be of interest to scholars in the Malay Peninsula, as well as experts concerned with the intertwining of education with class and ethnicity.

THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS, TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS, IN THE BAHAMAS

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 688-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy A. Rogers ◽  
Barbara J. Brunnick ◽  
Denise L. Herzing ◽  
John D. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Tursiops Truncatus ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
The Bahamas ◽  
The Social

scholarly journals PERANCANGAN BUKU SENJATA KURAMBIK KHAS MINANGKABAU SUMATERA BARAT

DeKaVe ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferry Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Cultural Symbols ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interest In Research

The design of typical Minangkabau book kurambik weapon, aim to be expected to be acomplete visual documents about weapons kurambik I kerambit Minangkabau and can be used as areference in teaching and research. It also aims to maintain continuity kurambikweapons and maintainedon an ongoing basis as a product of the culture of Indonesia. This book is one way to be able to keepkurambik remain in the State of Indonesia.This book is based on the use of photo etnofotografi which is more likely than artistic. Becauseetnofotografi is the study of a culture of a society with the help of photos in it. Picture elements should beable to describe the social structure, dominance, social class and other cultural symbols. Etnofotografirooted in ethnography.Minangkabau kurambik book "IndakLakang DekPaneh, IndakLapuakDekHujan "comes as agap filler kurambik media about guns that had not been there. The book is expected to be a reference andteaching materials also stimulated interest in research to examine kurambikweapons.Keywords: Design books, Etnofotografi, Weapons kurambik

Time flies when chatting online: a social structure and social learning model to understand excessive use of mobile instant messaging

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuang Wang ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Matthew K.O. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Instant Messaging ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Perceived Interactivity ◽  
Learning Factors

PurposeWidespread concerns about excessive use of mobile instant messaging (MIM) have inspired research in different disciplines. However, the focus thus far tends to be on diagnostics and cognitive predictors. There is little understanding from the socio-technical perspective to capture the drivers of excessive use of MIM. To address this research gap, the authors aim to enrich existing literature by adopting a social structure and social learning model (SSSLM) to understand the excessive use of MIM. The authors argue that excessive MIM use is developed and reinforced in highly interactive online communication, through a social learning process.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conduct a cross-sectional online survey to validate our proposed research model on excessive use of mobile instant messaging (MIM). 368 valid responses are obtained from active MIM users in China.FindingsThe results suggest that highly interactive MIM creates a technology-based social structure that facilitates the social learning process of excessive technology use. The influence of perceived interactivity of MIM on excessive MIM use is mediated by a series of contextualized social learning factors. Furthermore, the influences of perceived interactivity on social learning factors are moderated by MIM use experience.Originality/valueThe authors contribute to literature in related fields by highlighting the crucial role of social learning in facilitating excessive technology use. The authors contribute to the social structure and social learning model by contextualizing it into the context of excessive MIM use. Design guidelines are provided with a purpose to inhibit excessive use of MIM.

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