Great Tits Learn Odors and Colors Equally Well, and Show No Predisposition for Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles

Ability to efficiently localize productive foraging habitat is crucial for nesting success of insectivorous birds. Some bird species can use olfaction to identify caterpillar-infested trees by detection of herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), but these cues probably need to be learned. So far, we know very little about the process of olfactory learning in birds, whether insectivorous species have a predisposition for detecting and learning HIPVs, due to the high ecological significance of these odors, and how olfaction is integrated with vision in making foraging decisions. In a standardized setup, we tested whether 35 wild-caught great tits (Parus major) show any preference for widely abundant HIPVs compared to neutral (non-induced) plant odors, how fast they learn to associate olfactory, visual and multimodal foraging cues with food, and whether the olfactory preferences and learning speed were influenced by bird sex or habitat (urban or rural). We also tested how fast birds switch to a new cue of the same modality. Great tits showed no initial preference for HIPVs compared to neutral odors, and they learned all olfactory cues at a similar pace, except for methyl salicylate (MeSA), which they learned more slowly. We also found no differences in learning speeds between visual, olfactory and multimodal foraging cues, but birds learned the second cue they were offered faster than the first one. Bird sex or habitat had no effect on learning speed or olfactory preference, but urban birds tended to learn visual cues more slowly. We conclude that insectivorous birds utilize olfactory and visual cues with similar efficiency in foraging, and that they probably don‘t have any special predisposition toward the tested HIPVs. These results confirm that great tits are flexible foragers with good learning abilities.

The Effects of Situational Teaching on Preschool Children’s Originality Development

Preschool education is a critical stage in a child's life. Several studies have confirmed that the pivotal moment for the development of creativity is between the ages of three and five. Through cultivation, training, and learning development ability, preschool children's creativity can be amplified through the presence of nature and the imagination of instructional strategies. The purpose of this research is to look into the effect of situational learning in physical education on preschool children's creativity. This study's methodology begins with a pre-test of the child's creativity performance, followed by a six-week program of situational physical learning lessons. The data is compared to show how children's learning abilities have changed and how effective situational learning training has been in increasing creativity.

The interplay of open innovation and strategic innovation: Unpacking the role of organizational learning ability and absorptive capacity

We explore the open innovation research model in order to remove barriers in service organizations, where lack of knowledge is the main barrier to innovation. The purpose of this paper is to propose a research model exploring the relationship between open innovation, organizational learning ability, absorptive capacity, and strategic innovation. In this study, we collected data from 330 pharmaceutical companies in Lahore and Karachi (Pakistan). The Structural equation model analysis was used through analysis of moment structures and statistical package for the social sciences to check the relationship between the variables. The results reveal that hypotheses related to innovation have been accepted. The findings of this study are evidence that various types of open innovation have different effects on strategic innovation. The inbound and outbound open innovation directly affects strategic innovation; the mutual effect of exploitative learning ability and explorative learning ability between open innovation and strategic innovation have indirect effects. Similarly, the empirical findings of absorptive capacity also significantly impact open innovation and organizational learning ability. This study contributes to the theory by introducing exploitative and explorative learning abilities as mediators between open innovation and strategic innovation. Moreover, it analyzes how absorptive capacity may enhance learning abilities through the open innovation phenomenon. Practically, this study would help the managers understand and improve organizational productivity and gain competitive advantage by creating, sharing, and utilizing knowledge through internal and external avenues.

Artificial Intelligence Applications in Nutrition and Dietetics

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science whose purpose is to imitate thought processes, learning abilities, and knowledge management. The increasing number of applications in experimental and clinical medicine is striking. An artificial intelligence application in the field of nutrition and dietetics is a fairly new and important field. Different apps related to nutrition are offered to the use of individuals. The importance of individual nutrition has also triggered the increase in artificial intelligence apps. It is thought that different apps such as food preferences and dietary intake can play an important role in health promotion. Researchers may have some difficulties such as remembering the frequency or amount of intake in assessment of dietary intake. Some applications used in the assessment of food consumption contribute to overcoming these difficulties. Besides, these apps facilitate the work of researchers and provide more reliable results than traditional methods. The apps to be used in the field of nutrition and dietetics should be developed by considering the disadvantages. It is thought that artificial intelligence applications will contribute to both the improvement of health and the assessment and monitoring of nutritional status.

ANALISIS PEMBELAJARAN ALGORITMA PEMROGRAMAN BERBASIS APLIKASI WEB

The programming language at this time has become a language that is desirable.In learning programming languages can be done through formal or informaleducation, such as learning online. Online learning has several advantages,including lower costs, more time efficient and can adjust their learning abilities. Ajarin Code was created to assist online students in learning programminglanguages, especially in learning PHP, HMTL, CSS, and MYSQL. In this applicationwill present the discussion material in accordance with the level of understandingof each participant and at the end of the learning is given an online test usingrandomization methods namely Fisher-Yates algorithm. With this algorithm, eachquestion that appears will be different for each participant and when a participantrepeats the test.AbstrakBahasa pemrograman merupakan Bahasa yang paling popular saat ini .Pembelajaran Bahasa pemrograman dapat di lakukan melalui pendidikan formal maupun informalseperti, Lembaga khusus atau pembelajaran secara online. Pembelajaran secara online memeberikan berbagai keunggulan, diantaranya biaya yang lebih murah juga waktu yang fleksible serta setiap peserta dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan kemampuan dan perkembangan pembelajaran yang dibangun oleh para pembelajar online. Dalam memehami Bahasa pemrograman, Khususnya Bahasa pemrograman website yang meliputi PHP, HMTL, CSS Dan MySQL. Aplikasi ini akan memberikan materi yang sesuai dengan level pemahaman peserta dan pada setiap akhir pembelajaran akan di berikan ujian online dengan metode pengacakan soal dengan menggunakan algoritma Fisher-yates .Dengan algoritma ini, maka urutan soal yang dimunculkan akan selalu berbeda dengan setiap peserta dan ketika seorang peserta akan mengulangi ujian. Peserta yang telah menyelesaikan ujian nantinya akan dapat menempuh materi pada level lebih lanjut.

Effectiveness of Metacognitive Regulation Intervention on Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder Students’ Scientific Ability and Motivation

This study investigated the effect of metacognitive regulation (McR) intervention on attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) students’ astronomy knowledge acquisition and learning motivation. Through a cognitive-behavioural treatment design, this study selected 97 ADHD learners who had poor academic performance. This study divided ADHD students randomly into one experimental group and one control group. After 15 weeks of intervention, results showed that the experimental group students performed significantly better than the control group in scientific abilities, learning motivation, and metacognition. Results suggested that the McR intervention is an effective approach for improving the ADHD students’ science knowledge learning abilities.

Impact of Psychosocial Occupational Therapy Combined with Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex on the Cognitive Performance of Patients with Schizophrenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background The most common cognitive dysfunctions in patients with schizophrenia are information processing, memory, and learning. Based on the hypothesis of rehabilitation and brain stimulation in memory and learning, adding a form of neuromodulation to conventional rehabilitation might increase the effectiveness of treatments. Aims To explore the effects of psychosocial occupational therapy combined with anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive performance in patients with Schizophrenia. Methods Twenty-four patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were randomized into the experimental and control groups. We used The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment battery (LOTCA) to assess spatial recognition, attention, visual memory, learning abilities, and high-level cognitive functions like problem-solving. All participants received customized psychosocial occupational therapy activities. Furthermore, the experimental group received 12 sessions of active anodal tDCS for 20 minutes with 2 mA intensity on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) while the patients in the sham group received sham tDCS. Results Combining tDCS to conventional psychosocial occupational therapy resulted in a significant increase in spatial memory, visual learning, and attention. Conclusions Anodal tDCS on the left DLPFC improved visual memory, attention, and learning abilities. Contrary to our expectations, we could not find any changes in complex and more demanding cognitive functions.

Identification of a Thyroid Hormone Derivative as a Pleiotropic Agent for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

The identification of effective pharmacological tools for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents one of the main challenges for therapeutic discovery. Due to the variety of pathological processes associated with AD, a promising route for pharmacological intervention involves the development of new chemical entities that can restore cellular homeostasis. To investigate this strategy, we designed and synthetized SG2, a compound related to the thyroid hormone thyroxine, that shares a pleiotropic activity with its endogenous parent compound, including autophagic flux promotion, neuroprotection, and metabolic reprogramming. We demonstrate herein that SG2 acts in a pleiotropic manner to induce recovery in a C. elegans model of AD based on the overexpression of Aβ42 and improves learning abilities in the 5XFAD mouse model of AD. Further, in vitro ADME-Tox profiling and toxicological studies in zebrafish confirmed the low toxicity of this compound, which represents a chemical starting point for AD drug development.

Rethinking General Education Program for Integrating Local Contexts and English Contents

The local and global dimensions are now in balance within the COVID-19 pandemic in all sectors, education needs to be adapted and disrupted for tomorrow. Local contexts in the stream of global movement concerns curriculum and instruction. The local contexts are significant content to promote English by various kinds of contents. This research purposes to study general education program for integrating local contexts and English contents. Target group consisted of teachers who have been taught basic English courses, general education program. The research tools used questionnaire and interviewing form to study the problems and needs for understanding the general education category by integrating content according to local context. As it finding, the local context is the authentic learning experiences that students can learn, they can make a link between local and global dimensions. Conceptual framework is proposed for rethinking genera; education program for integrating local and global English courses, the study needs more discussion how to help students develop learning abilities through the suitable curriculum and instructional practices.