scholarly journals Intraspecific variation in social organization by genetic variation, developmental plasticity, social flexibility or entirely extrinsic factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1618) ◽  
pp. 20120346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Schradin
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Evolutionarily Stable Strategies ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Social Flexibility

Previously, it was widely believed that each species has a specific social organization, but we know now that many species show intraspecific variation in their social organization. Four different processes can lead to intraspecific variation in social organization: (i) genetic variation between individuals owing to local adaptation (between populations) or evolutionarily stable strategies within populations; (ii) developmental plasticity evolved in long-term (more than one generation) unpredictable and short-term (one generation) predictable environments, which is mediated by organizational physiological effects during early ontogeny; (iii) social flexibility evolved in highly unpredictable environments, which is mediated by activational physiological effects in adults; (iv) entirely extrinsic factors such as the death of a dominant breeder. Variation in social behaviour occurs between individuals in the case of genetic variation and developmental plasticity, but within individuals in the case of social flexibility. It is important to study intraspecific variation in social organization to understand the social systems of species because it reveals the mechanisms by which species can adapt to changing environments, offers a useful tool to study the ultimate and proximate causes of sociality, and is an interesting phenomenon by itself that needs scientific explanation.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Epigenetic Signatures of Adaptive Developmental Plasticity in the Andes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainash Childebayeva ◽  
Jaclyn M Goodrich ◽  
Fabiola Leon-Velarde ◽  
Maria Rivera-Chira ◽  
Melisa Kiyamu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Adaptation To Hypoxia ◽  
High Altitude Adaptation ◽  
Altitude Adaptation ◽  
Epigenetic Signatures ◽  
Adaptive Developmental Plasticity

Abstract High-altitude adaptation is a classic example of natural selection operating on the human genome. Physiological and genetic adaptations have been documented in populations with a history of living at high altitude. However, the role of epigenetic gene regulation, including DNA methylation, in high-altitude adaptation is not well understood. We performed an epigenome-wide DNA methylation association study based on whole blood from 113 Peruvian Quechua with differential lifetime exposures to high altitude (>2,500) and recruited based on a migrant study design. We identified two significant differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and 62 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with high-altitude developmental and lifelong exposure statuses. DMPs and DMRs were found in genes associated with hypoxia-inducible factor pathway, red blood cell production, blood pressure, and others. DMPs and DMRs associated with fractional exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) also were identified. We found a significant association between EPAS1 methylation and EPAS1 SNP genotypes, suggesting that local genetic variation influences patterns of methylation. Our findings demonstrate that DNA methylation is associated with early developmental and lifelong high-altitude exposures among Peruvian Quechua as well as altitude-adaptive phenotypes. Together these findings suggest that epigenetic mechanisms might be involved in adaptive developmental plasticity to high altitude. Moreover, we show that local genetic variation is associated with DNA methylation levels, suggesting that methylation associated SNPs could be a potential avenue for research on genetic adaptation to hypoxia in Andeans.

scholarly journals Intraspecific variation in colony founding behavior and social organization in the honey ant Myrmecocystus mendax

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-297
Author(s):  
T. H. Eriksson ◽  
B. Hölldobler ◽  
J. E. Taylor ◽  
J. Gadau
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Colony Founding

scholarly journals Adaptive genetic variation mediates bottom-up and top-down control in an aquatic ecosystem

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1812) ◽  
pp. 20151234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth M. Rudman ◽  
Mariano A. Rodriguez-Cabal ◽  
Adrian Stier ◽  
Takuya Sato ◽  
Julian Heavyside ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Community Genetics ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Bottom Up

Research in eco-evolutionary dynamics and community genetics has demonstrated that variation within a species can have strong impacts on associated communities and ecosystem processes. Yet, these studies have centred around individual focal species and at single trophic levels, ignoring the role of phenotypic variation in multiple taxa within an ecosystem. Given the ubiquitous nature of local adaptation, and thus intraspecific variation, we sought to understand how combinations of intraspecific variation in multiple species within an ecosystem impacts its ecology. Using two species that co-occur and demonstrate adaptation to their natal environments, black cottonwood ( Populus trichocarpa ) and three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ), we investigated the effects of intraspecific phenotypic variation on both top-down and bottom-up forces using a large-scale aquatic mesocosm experiment. Black cottonwood genotypes exhibit genetic variation in their productivity and consequently their leaf litter subsidies to the aquatic system, which mediates the strength of top-down effects from stickleback on prey abundances. Abundances of four common invertebrate prey species and available phosphorous, the most critically limiting nutrient in freshwater systems, are dictated by the interaction between genetic variation in cottonwood productivity and stickleback morphology. These interactive effects fit with ecological theory on the relationship between productivity and top-down control and are comparable in strength to the effects of predator addition. Our results illustrate that intraspecific variation, which can evolve rapidly, is an under-appreciated driver of community structure and ecosystem function, demonstrating that a multi-trophic perspective is essential to understanding the role of evolution in structuring ecological patterns.

scholarly journals Lining up for charity

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 218-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sofia Salonen
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Faith Based ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Ethnographic Data ◽  
Food Charity

Purpose Recent decades have witnessed a rise in food charity provided by faith-based and other charitable agencies. Previous research has noted that besides material assistance, these occasions provide a social and communal event for many participants. The purpose of this paper is to examine this notion by exploring how the social organization of breadlines contributes to the social relationships between the food recipients and their experiences of these places as communities, and what qualities these communities eventually develop. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on ethnographic data from four breadlines in one Finnish city. The study approaches the breadlines as queues, that is, social systems that govern waiting, mutual order and access. Findings The social organization of queue practices mirrors the users’ experiences of the breadlines as communities with many concurrent faces: as communities of mutual surveillance and as demanding communities that call for skills and resources from the participants, as well as socially significant communities. The findings show how the practices of organizing charitable assistance influence the complex social relationships between charitable giver and recipient, and how the food recipients accommodate themselves to the situations and social roles available on a given occasion. Originality/value Analysing breadlines as queues and using qualitative data from the everyday assistance events gives voice to the experiences of food charity recipients and allows a more nuanced picture to be painted of the breadline communities than studies based merely on surveys or interviews.

scholarly journals Individual foraging variation drives social organization in bottlenose dolphins

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Séverine Methion ◽  
Bruno Díaz López
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Shellfish Farms ◽  
Generalized Affiliation Indices ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Identifying foraging variation within a population and assessing its relationship with social structure is essential to increase knowledge about the evolution of social systems. Here, we investigated individual foraging variation in bottlenose dolphins and its potential influence on their social organization. We used generalized affiliation indices and applied social network analysis to data collected over four consecutive years of research in a coastal area subject to significant use and pressure by humans. Our findings revealed variation in foraging behavior among individual bottlenose dolphins, which in turn shapes their social organization. Our results indicated that individuals that frequently foraged within human-altered areas (i.e., shellfish farms) exhibited weaker Strength, Reach, and Affinity compared to others. These bottlenose dolphins profit from a reliable and easily located food source, which may increase their energy intake and interindividual competition. In contrast, individuals that foraged less frequently within the shellfish farms occupied a central position within the network and exhibited strong associations. These individuals may benefit from increased cooperation and reduced intragroup competition, thus increasing learning and information sharing, as they may face a patchy and irregular distribution of prey. We also demonstrated that bottlenose dolphins preferred to affiliate with other individuals with similar foraging strategies (i.e., homophily), which could promote, through time, a segregation of the population into behaviorally distinct groups. These findings provide valuable insight into the evolution of bottlenose dolphin social systems and their response to human-induced changes in the marine environment.

Organizational culture and cultural organization: the formation of new social spaces

10.12737/7486 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Николай Новичков ◽  
Nikolay Novichkov
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Organizational Forms ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Cultural Community ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
New Organizational Forms

The article discusses the features of social systems in terms of their cultural manifestations. In particular, it is noted that the most social organization is a culture with a respective structure and cultural manifestations. Also, social organization is living within different cultural environments. An organization´s culture is manifested through its mission, human relations, organizational culture, culture medium, the message the organization to external environment, cultural footprint of social organization. The article defines the notion of a cultural organization and indicated that the image of a cultural organization should strive to all organizations in the conditions of increasing competition and the growing importance of the economy of experiences. The human world consists of a set of relations, organizations and various values. Over the entire period of human history has been created and tested a number of different organizational forms of human coexistence and joint activities, starting from the community and the army and ending with corporations and virtual organizations. Culture as a basic sphere of human activity, which determines not only the principles of attitudes and behavior, but also the development of society, has the most significant influence on the formation and development of all forms of organization of human relations. Interpretation of social organization as a culture determines the emergence of new organizational forms. One such form is a cluster. Contemporary social organization should strive to become an essential element of the culture area, community or audience, which is manifested in the cultural formation of social organization, from the behaviors associated with its people, and helping to shape the image of the future, not only the organization but also all related cultural community . The paper also notes in particular the role and place of cultural organizations in modern Russian tourism sector as an industry, directly generating impressions and forming appropriate cultural community.

Paranoid Cognition in Social Systems: Thinking and Acting in the Shadow of Doubt

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick M. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Systems Thinking ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Framework

Distrust and suspicion are common and recurring problems at all levels of social organization, ranging from the interpersonal to the collective. Unfortunately, our understanding of the origins and dynamics of such distrust and suspicion remains far from complete. A primary aim of this research, accordingly, was to articulate a new framework for conceptualizing a form of exaggerated distrust and suspicion termed paranoid social cognition. Drawing on recent psychological theory and research, this framework identifies the social cognitive underpinnings of paranoid cognitions. It also specifies some of the situational determinants of such cognition and elaborates on the psychological, behavioral, and social dynamics that sustain them.

scholarly journals Assessment of intraspecific genetic variation between three morphotypes of Cissus quadrangularis using CCMP markers

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212
Author(s):  
Ritesh Kaur ◽  
CP Malik
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Chloroplast Genome ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Microsatellite Primers ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellite ◽  
Cissus Quadrangularis ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

The objective of the current study was to assess and establish intraspecific variation between three morphotypes of Cissus quadrangularis using ten Consensus Chloroplast Microsatellite Primers. Significant level of genetic variation was detected between the three morphotypes. Sequence analysis of the CCMP PCR fragment showed the high degree of similarity to the chloroplast genome sequences of other Vitaceae members indicating that these regions are highly conserved.Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 24(2): 205-212, 2014 (December)

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