scholarly journals Missing compared to what? Revisiting heritability, genes and culture

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1743) ◽  
pp. 20170064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus W. Feldman ◽  
Sohini Ramachandran
Keyword(s):  
Main Tool ◽  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
Cultural Inheritance ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Genetic Transmission ◽  
Standard Models ◽  
Modern Evolutionary Synthesis ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
Cultural Gaps

Standard models for the determination of phenotypes from genes are grounded in simple assumptions that are inherent in the modern evolutionary synthesis (MES), which was developed in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. The MES was framed in the context of Mendelian genetic transmission enhanced by the Fisherian view of the way discretely inherited genes determine continuously quantitative phenotypes. The statistical models that are used to estimate and interpret genetic contributions to human phenotypes—including behavioural traits—are constructed within the framework of the MES. Variance analysis constitutes the main tool and is used under this framework to characterize genetic inheritance, and hence determination of phenotypes. In this essay, we show that cultural inheritance, when incorporated into models for the determination of phenotypes, can sharply reduce estimates of the genetic contribution to these phenotypes. Recognition of the importance of non-genetic transmission of many human traits is becoming ever more necessary to prevent regression to the debates of the 1970s and 1980s concerning policies based on genetic determination of complex human phenotypes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bridging cultural gaps: interdisciplinary studies in human cultural evolution’.

scholarly journals Developmental explanation and the ontogeny of birdsong: Nature/nurture redux

1988 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Isolation Rearing ◽  
Conceptual Foundation ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Song Development ◽  
Genetic Techniques ◽  
Genetic Contributions

AbstractDespite several decades of criticism, dichotomous thinking about behavioral development (the view that the behavioral phenotype can be partitioned into inherited and acquired components) remains widespread and influential. This is particularly true in study of birdsong development, where it has become increasingly common to diagnose songs, elements of songs, or precursors of songs (song templates) as either innate or learned on the basis of isolation-rearing experiments. The theory of sensory templates has encouraged both the dichotomous approach (by providing a role for genetic blueprints to guide song learning) and an emphasis on structural rather than functional aspects of song development. As a result, potentially important lines of investigation have been overlooked and the interpretation of existing data is often flawed. Evidence for a genetic origin of behavioraldifferencesis frequently interpreted as evidence for the genetic determination of behavioralcharacters. The technique of isolation rearing remains the methodology of choice for many investigators, despite the fact that it offers only a rather crude analysis of the contribution of experience to song development and provides no information at all about genetic contributions to development. The latter could in principle be elucidated by the application of developmental-genetic techniques, but it is unlikely that these can easily be applied to the study of birdsong. Because developmental questions are so often posed in terms of the learned–innate dichotomy, “experience” is taken to be synonymous with “learning” and the possible role of nonobvious contributions to song development has largely been ignored. An alternative approach, based on Daniel Lehrman's interactionist theory of development, permits a more thorough appreciation of the problems that have yet to be addressed, and provides a more secure conceptual foundation for theories of song development.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Root and Yield Related Morphological Characters in Pea (Pisum Sativum L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Sylwia Ciaglo-Androsiuk
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Canonical Correlations ◽  
Effect On Yield

AbstractRelation between morphological traits of the root system and yield related traits is an important issue concerning efforts aiming at improving of ideotype of cultivated plants species, including pea. In this paper, to analyse the dependency between traits describing the root system morphology and yield potential, Person’s andSpearman's_correlations as well as canonical correlations were used.Root system was analyzed in 14 and 21 day-old seedlings growing in blotting-paper cylinders. Yield potential of pea was analysed in a field experiment. Results of Person’s and Spearman's_correlations revealed that number of lateral roots and lateral roots density were correlated witch yield related traits. Correlation between root length and shoot length was observed only for 14 day-old seedlings. The result of canonical correlations revealed that number of lateral roots and lateral roots density had the largest effect on yield related traits. This work highlights, that in order to improve the yield of pea it might become necessary to understand genetic determination of morphological traits of the root system, especially number of lateral roots.

Feldspar crystallization under magma-mixing conditions shown by cathodoluminescence and geochemical modelling – a case study from the Karkonosze pluton (SW Poland)

2004 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Słaby ◽  
J. Götze
Keyword(s):  
Magma Mixing ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Geochemical Modelling ◽  
Magma Evolution ◽  
Sw Poland ◽  
Crystallization Path ◽  
Geochemical Mass Balance

AbstractFeldspars from the Karkonosze pluton (SW Poland) display many features compatible with magma mixing. The mixing hypothesis has been tested using a geochemical mass balance law resulting in two possible paths of magma hybridization. Based on the results of the geochemical calculation, feldspar samples have been chosen along both mixing lines for cathodoluminescence (CL) investigation which was used as the main tool for the reconstruction of their crystallization path. Changes in the conditions of nucleation and crystallization of the feldspars as well as their movement within the magma chamber have been recognized due to different luminescence characteristics. These changes in the conditions of crystallization obtained by CL allow a precise determination of the genetic affinity of the samples to more mafic or more felsic environments.The results of the present study proved CL to be a valuable tool for the study of crystal-growth morphologies in a dynamic, turbulent environment and also as a geochemical tool for the reconstruction of various petrogenetic mechanisms (e.g. magma hybridization). Accordingly, the combination of CL with geochemical modelling provides corresponding information about magma evolution in an open system.

scholarly journals A Co-Association Network Analysis of the Genetic Determination of Pig Conformation, Growth and Fatness

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. e114862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Puig-Oliveras ◽  
Maria Ballester ◽  
Jordi Corominas ◽  
Manuel Revilla ◽  
Jordi Estellé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Association Network ◽  
Genetic Determination

GENETICS AND METABOLISM

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-571
Author(s):  
Barton Childs
Keyword(s):  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Affected Patient ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Or Genes

IT IS the part of wisdom when about to give a dissertation which one hopes will at once instruct and entertain, to provide at the outset some definition of the subject matter. Genetics is the study of the heritable components of variation; the heritable factors which determine the range or extent of diversity. So, genetics is concerned with heritable differences and likenesses between individuals and between species. One emphasizes the differences because one can be certain of genetic determination of a particular characteristic only when it exists in a population in two or more alternative forms. It is the variants which catch the eye and hold the attention of the investigator, and which by their presence suggest more than one form of the gene or genes which determine that particular characteristic. I would like in what follows to present some examples of investigations of some aspects of genetics in human populations. ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA Several years ago Dr. Melvin Grumbach and I studied the genetics of adrenal hyperplasia, using as our material the patients of Dr. Lawson Wilkins. Since the disease occurs in more than one member of a sibship and since parents are unaffected, we suspected that it was genetically determined and that the affected patient possessed a double dose of a mutant gene; that is, the characteristic was recessive.

Genetic determination of nephrogenesis: the Pax/Eya/Six gene network

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Brodbeck ◽  
Christoph Englert
Keyword(s):  
Gene Network ◽  
Genetic Determination
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