scholarly journals Behaviour of nonhuman primate mothers toward their dead infants: uncovering mechanisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1754) ◽  
pp. 20170261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire F. I. Watson ◽  
Tetsuro Matsuzawa

In comparative thanatology, most reports for nonhuman mammals concern mothers' behavioural responses to their dead offspring: most prominently, dead-infant carrying (sometimes of extended duration); but also inspection, proximity, maternal care such as grooming, protective behaviours and filial cannibalism. Documented across many primate species, these behaviours remain poorly understood in all. The literature is dominated by relatively brief qualitative descriptions of isolated anecdotal cases in apes and monkeys. We argue for quantitative coding in case reports, alongside analyses of longitudinal records of such events to allow objective evaluation of competing theories, and systematic comparisons within and across species and populations. Obtaining necessary datasets depends on raised awareness in researchers of the importance of recording occurrences and knowledge of pertinent data to collect. We review proposed explanatory hypotheses and outline data needed to test each empirically. To determine factors influencing infant-corpse carriage, we suggest analyses of deaths resulting in ‘carry’ versus ‘no carry’. For individual cases, we highlight behavioural variables to code and the need for hormonal samples. We discuss mothers' stress and welfare in relation to infant death, continued transportation and premature removal of the corpse. Elucidating underlying proximate and ultimate causes is important for understanding phylogeny of maternal responses to infant death. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals’.

Primates ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-756
Author(s):  
Jennifer Botting ◽  
Erica van de Waal

Abstract Observations of dead infant carrying have been reported for many primate species, and researchers have proposed several hypotheses to explain this behaviour. However, despite being a relatively well-studied species, reports of dead infant carrying in wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) remain scarce. Here we report 14 observations of dead infant carrying by female vervet monkeys in a population at Mawana Game Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Most of the females carried the dead infant for a day or less, but one female carried her infant for at least 14 days. In one case the maternal sister of a dead infant carried it after the death of their mother. We also report a case of mother-infant cannibalism: a female consumed part of her deceased infant’s tail. Other post-mortem care-taking behaviours such as grooming, smelling and licking were also recorded. Of 97 recorded infant deaths in this study population since 2010, 14.4% are known to have elicited dead infant carrying, a proportion similar to that reported for other monkey species. We discuss our observations in relation to various hypotheses about this behaviour, including the post-parturition hormones hypothesis, learning to mother hypothesis, and unawareness of death hypothesis.


1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (02) ◽  
pp. 368-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Barbul ◽  
G Finazzi ◽  
A Grassi ◽  
R Marchioli

SummaryHematopoietic colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are largely used in patients with cancer undergoing cytotoxic treatment to accelerate neutrophil recovery and decrease the incidence of febrile neutropenia. Clinical practice guidelines for their use have been recently established (1), taking into account clinical benefit, but also cost and toxicity. Vascular occlusions have been recently reported among the severe reactions associated with the use of CSFs, in anedoctal case reports (2, 3), consecutive case series (4) and randomized clinical trial (5, 6). However, the role of CSFs in the pathogenesis of thrombotic complications is difficult to ascertain, because pertinent data are scanty and widely distributed over a number of heterogenous investigations. We report here a systematic review of relevant articles, with the aims to estimate the prevalence of thrombosis associated with the use of CSFs and to assess if this rate is significantly higher than that observed in cancer patients not receiving CSFs.


1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric F Trépanier ◽  
Guy W Amsden

OBJECTIVE: To review the epidemiology, mycology, clinical features and diagnosis, current pharmacotherapy, and pharmacoeconomics of onychomycosis. DATA SOURCES: We conducted a MEDLINE search from 1966 to May 1997. References from these articles, manufacturers of the discussed antimycotics, and relevant abstracts from recent dermatology conferences were used to collect pertinent data. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were obtained from published controlled studies and case reports. In the pharmacotherapy section, the most weight was placed on fully reported, randomized, controlled comparative trials, but abstracts and case series were included when well-controlled studies were unavailable. DATA SYNTHESIS: Onychomycosis is a common nail disorder that has a substantial impact on patients' quality of life. It is most commonly caused by dermatophytes, but yeasts and molds can also be involved. Diagnosis is made through clinical presentation, potassium hydroxide preparations, and culture of tissue/nail samples. Griseofulvin was the drug of choice for many years, but its low cure rates and the development of newer, more effective drugs made it fall out of favor. Current therapeutic alternatives include fluconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine. Data on the use of fluconazole are limited to case series and reports. Continuous dosing of itraconazole and terbinafine are well-proven therapies. New data are becoming available on the use of pulse itraconazole dosing, which has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for fingernail infections. These drugs are well tolerated, but attention to drug interactions is necessary with the azoles. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, continuous terbinafine appears to be the most cost-effective drug for dermatophyte onychomycosis. OBJETIVO: Repasar la epidemiología, micología, características clínicas y diagnóstico, farmacoterapia actual, y farmacoeconomía de onicomicosis. FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN: Se realizó una búsqueda en MEDLINE del 1966 al 1997. Referencias de estos artículos, compañías manufactureras de los antimicóticos discutidos y extractos relevantes de conferencias dermatológicas recientes fueron usados para recoger datos pertinentes. MÉTODOS DE EXTRACCIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN: Los datos fueron obtenidos de estudio controlados y casos reportados publicados. En la sección de farmacoterapia, se dió más importancia a estudios comparativos, controlados, aleatorios, reportados completamente, pero extractos y series de casos fueron descritos cuando estudios bien controlados no estuvieron disponibles. SÍNTESIS: Onicomicosis es un desorden de las uñas común que tiene un impacto sustancial en la calidad de vida de pacientes. Es ocasionada más comúnmente por dermatófitos, pero hongos y mohos también pueden estar envueltos. El diagnóstico se hace a través de la presentación clínica, preparaciones de hidróxido de potasio y cultivo de muestras de tejido/uñas. Griseofulvina fue el fármaco de selección por muchos años, pero su baja proporción de curación y el desarrollo de fármacos nuevos más efectivos ha ocasionado su falta de uso. Alternativas terapéuticas incluyen fluconazol, itraconazol, y terbinafina. La información sobre el uso de fluconazol está limitada a series de casos y reportes. La dosificación continua de itraconazol y terbinafina son tratamientos bien comprobados. Recientemente la Administración de Drogas y Alimentes aprobó el uso de la dosificación de itraconazol en pulso para infecciones de las uñas, y nueva información sobre este uso está siendo disponible. Estos fármacos son bien tolerados pero es necesario prestar atención a las interacciones de fármacos con los azoles. CONCLUSIONES: Al presente, terbinafina en administración continua parece ser el fármaco más costo-efectivo de selección para onicomicosis por dermatófitos. OBJECTIF: Revoir les caractéristiques épidémiologiques, mycologiques, cliniques, et diagnostiques, ainsi que le traitement courant, et les particularités pharmacoéconomiques des mycoses des ongles. SOURCE DINFORMATION: Une recherche informatisée sur MEDLINE a été complétée afin d'identifier la littérature pertinente entre les années 1966 et 1997. On a aussi sondé les références des articles identifiés, les compagnies pharmaceutiques qui produisent les agents antifongiques discutés, ainsi que les abstraits récemment présentes aux conférences dermatologiques. SELECTION D'ETUDES ET DES DONNEES: On a obtenu les données à partir de publications d'études contrôlées et d'observations écrites. Dans la section de la pharmacothérapie, on a mis plus d'emphase sur les études comparatives randomisées et contrôlées. Mais les abstraits et les observations écrites ont été utilisés lorsqu'il n'y avait pas d'études contrôlées. RÉSUMÉ: L'onychomycose est une maladie commune qui a un effet significatif sur la qualité de vie des patients. Le plus fréquemment, elle est causée par des dermatophytes mais les levures peuvent être impliqués. La diagnose est faite à partir de la présentation clinique, avec des préparations d'hydroxide de potassium et des cultures de tissu et des ongles. Malgré que la griséofulvine a été utilisée pour plusieurs années, son efficacité limitée et le développement d'agents nouveaux plus efficaces, ont diminué son utilisation. Le fluconazole, l'itraconazole, et la terbinafine sont des alternatives thérapeutiques. Il n'existe que des observations écrites qui décrivent l'efficacité du fluconazole. L'administration continue de l'itraconazole et de la terbinafine est d'ailleurs bien documentee. Il y a de nouvelles données sur la thérapie intermittente par l'itraconazole, cette méthode d'administration de l'itraconazole a été récemment approuvée par le FDA pour les infections fongiques des ongles. Ces médicaments sont bien tolérés, mais, avec les azoles, l'on doit faire attention aux interactions avec d'autres médicaments. CONCLUSIONS: Présentement, il semble que la terbinafine est le médicament le plus cost-effective pour le traitement des onychomycoses à dermatophytes.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Baxter ◽  
M. Anderson ◽  
A. M. Seelke ◽  
E. L. Kinnally ◽  
S. M. Freeman ◽  
...  

Abstract Social cognition is facilitated by oxytocin receptors (OXTR) in the hippocampus, a brain region that changes dynamically with pregnancy, parturition, and parenting experience. We investigated the impact of parenthood on hippocampal OXTR in male and female titi monkeys, a pair-bonding primate species that exhibits biparental care of offspring. We hypothesized that in postmortem brain tissue, OXTR binding in the hippocampal formation would differ between parents and non-parents, and that OXTR density would correlate with frequencies of observed parenting and affiliative behaviors between partners. Subjects were 10 adult titi monkeys. OXTR binding in the hippocampus (CA1, CA2/3, CA4, dentate gyrus, subiculum) and presubiculum layers (PSB1, PSB3) was determined using receptor autoradiography. The average frequency of partner affiliation (Proximity, Contact, and Tail Twining) and infant carrying were determined from longitudinal observations (5–6 per day). Analyses showed that parents exhibited higher OXTR binding than non-parents in PSB1 (t(8) = − 2.33, p = 0.048), and that OXTR binding in the total presubiculm correlated negatively with Proximity (r = − 0.88) and Contact (r = − 0.91), but not Tail Twining or infant carrying. These results suggest that OXTR binding in the presubiculum supports pair bonding and parenting behavior, potentially by mediating changes in hippocampal plasticity.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Soldati ◽  
Pawel Fedurek ◽  
Catherine Crockford ◽  
Sam Adue ◽  
John Walter Akankwasa ◽  
...  

It has been suggested that non-human primates (hereafter primates) can respond to deceased conspecifics in ways that suggest they experience psychological states not unlike humans, which would indicate they exhibit some notion of death. Here, we report long-term demographic data from two East African chimpanzee groups. During a combined 40-year observation period we recorded 191 births of which around a third died in infancy, mostly within the first year. We documented the post-mortem behaviour of the mothers and found that Budongo chimpanzee mothers routinely carried deceased infants after their death, usually until the body started to decompose after a few days. However, we also observed three cases of extended carrying lasting for more than 2-weeks, one of which was followed by the unusual extended carrying of a substitute object and another which lasted three months. In each case, the corpses mummified. We discuss these data in view of functional hypotheses of dead infant carrying in primates and regarding the potential proximate mechanisms involved in this behaviour. We suggest that chimpanzees may exhibit psychological processes related to death of conspecifics similar to human grieving.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-110
Author(s):  
T. E. C.

I believe the first recorded American case of the sudden infant death syndrome will be found in Samuel Sewall's diary for February 13, 1686.1 He wrote: Feb. 13, 1686. Mr. Eyre's little son dyed, well to bed: dyed by them [the parents] in the Bed. It seems there is no Symptom of Over-laying. In 1863 Dr. David W. Cheever of Boston wrote:2 March 9th; "Sudden Death of an Infant without Known Cause":— An infant, 10 weeks old, apparently in perfect health, suddenly died while sleeping, and after having been asleep one and a half hours.


2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
Gerhard Kernbach Wighton ◽  
Axel von der Wense ◽  
Harald Kijewski ◽  
Klaus Steffen Saternus

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1967
Author(s):  
Hiroki Kurumi ◽  
Tsutomu Kanda ◽  
Yuichiro Ikebuchi ◽  
Akira Yoshida ◽  
Koichiro Kawaguchi ◽  
...  

Although the recent development and widespread use of image-enhanced endoscopy and magnifying endoscopy have improved endoscopic diagnosis of gastric cancer, it is somewhat complicated, requires a higher level of expertise, and is still subjective. Photodynamic endoscopic diagnosis (PDED) is based on the fluorescence of photosensitizers that accumulate in tumors, which enables objective evaluation independent of the endoscopist’s experience, and is useful for tumor detection. The objective of this work was to perform a narrative review of PDED for gastric tumors and to introduce our approach to PDED in gastric tumors in our hospital. In our review there have been case reports of PDED for gastric cancer, but its usefulness has not been established because no prospective studies evaluating its usefulness have been performed. In our previous study, 85.7% (42/49) of gastric tumors exhibited fluorescence in PDED. PDED may be useful in the diagnosis of early gastric cancer. Our previous studies were pilot studies in cancer patients; therefore, future prospective studies are required to verify the usefulness of PDED.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riffat Mehboob ◽  
Maher Kurdi ◽  
Mursleen Ahmad ◽  
Syed Amir Gilani ◽  
Sidra Khalid ◽  
...  

Background: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a tragic incident which remains a mystery even after post-mortem investigation and thorough researches.Methods: This comprehensive review is based on the genes reported in the molecular autopsy studies conducted on SIDS so far. A total of 20 original studies and 7 case reports were identified and included in this analysis. The genes identified in children or adults were not included. Most of the genes reported in these studies belonged to cardiac channel and cardiomyopathy. Cardiac channel genes in SIDS were scrutinized for further analysis.Results: After screening and removing the duplicates, 42 unique genes were extracted. When the location of these genes was assessed, it was observed that most of these belonged to Chromosomes 11, 1 and 3 in sequential manner. The pathway analysis shows that these genes are involved in the regulation of heart rate, action potential, cardiac muscle cell contraction and heart contraction. The protein-protein interaction network was also very big and highly interactive. SCN5A, CAV3, ALG10B, AKAP9 and many more were mainly found in these cases and were regulated by many transcription factors such as MYOG C2C1 and CBX3 HCT11. Micro RNA, “hsa-miR-133a-3p” was found to be prevalent in the targeted genes.Conclusions: Molecular and computational approaches are a step forward toward exploration of these sad demises. It is so far a new arena but seems promising to dig out the genetic cause of SIDS in the years to come.


2013 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 1609-1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tokiko Ishida ◽  
Hirokazu Kotani ◽  
Masashi Miyao ◽  
Hitoshi Abiru ◽  
Chihiro Kawai ◽  
...  

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