scholarly journals One piece of the matrilineal puzzle: the socioecology of maternal uncle investment

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1780) ◽  
pp. 20180071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrine Starkweather ◽  
Monica Keith
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Direct Care ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Material Wealth ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Resource Investment ◽  
Maternal Uncle ◽  
Older Brothers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ecological Associations

Maternal uncle relationships in which men invest resources (usually in the form of inheritance of material wealth) into their sisters' children are characteristic of matrilineal systems and hypothesized to arise under certain socioecological circumstances, but little research has systematically investigated conditions that are associated with this type of investment. We quantify relationships between household-level socioeconomic variables and different types of maternal uncle investment (direct care and indirect resource investment) within a bilateral, semi-nomadic population. Shodagor people of Bangladesh allow us to consider matrilineal behaviours in an evolutionary framework owing to their flexible social structure in which 39% of families receive some investment from a maternal uncle. Variables associated with direct maternal uncle care reflect the significance of maintaining consistent residence throughout the year and an increased need for childcare in families residing on boats versus those living on the land. Informative predictors of indirect investment indicate that a mother's birth history corresponds with more tangible contributions such as food and clothing. These results identify household-level variables specific to direct versus indirect maternal uncle investment, whereas having more older brothers or being firstborn increased the odds of a mother receiving any investment from brothers at all. Exploring these social and ecological associations in a bilateral, relatively flexible population unveils household circumstances that may lead to the development of female-biased kinship. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of female-biased kinship in humans and other mammals'.

scholarly journals One Piece of the Matrilineal Puzzle: The Socioecology of Maternal Uncle Investment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Starkweather ◽  
Monica Keith
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Direct Care ◽  
Material Wealth ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Resource Investment ◽  
Maternal Uncle ◽  
Older Brothers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ecological Associations ◽  
Socio Economic Variables

Maternal uncle relationships in which men invest resources (usually in the form of inheritance of material wealth) into their sisters’ children are characteristic of matrilineal systems and hypothesized to arise under certain socio-ecological circumstances, but little research has systematically investigated conditions that are associated with this type of investment. We quantify relationships between household-level socio-economic variables and different types of maternal uncle investment (direct care and indirect resource investment) within a bilateral, semi- nomadic population. The Shodagor allow us to consider matrilineal behaviors in an evolutionary framework due to their flexible social structure in which 39% of families receive some investment from a maternal uncle. Variables associated with direct maternal uncle care reflect the significance of maintaining consistent residence throughout the year and an increased need for childcare in families residing on boats versus those living on the land. Informative predictors of indirect investment indicate that a mother’s birth history corresponds with more tangible contributions such as food and clothing. These results identify household-level variables specific to direct versus indirect maternal uncle investment, whereas having more older brothers or being firstborn increased the odds of a mother receiving any brotherly investment at all. Exploring these social and ecological associations in a bilateral, relatively flexible population unveils household circumstances that may lead to the development of female-biased kinship.

Influential Nodes in Social Networks

2020 ◽  
pp. 371-385
Author(s):  
Kousik Das ◽  
Rupkumar Mahapatra ◽  
Sovan Samanta ◽  
Anita Pal
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Influential Nodes

Social network is the perfect place for connecting people. The social network is a social structure formed by a set of nodes (persons, organizations, etc.) and a set of links (connection between nodes). People feel very comfortable to share news and information through a social network. This chapter measures the influential persons in different types of online and offline social networks.

Consumption Inequality Among Children: Evidence from Child Fostering in Malawi*

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Penglase
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Foster Children ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Household Resources ◽  
Child Fostering ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Different Types

Abstract The share of household resources devoted to a child may depend on their gender, birth order, or relationship to the household head. However, it is challenging to determine whether parents favour certain children over others as consumption data is collected at the household level and goods are shared among family members. I develop a new methodology using the collective household framework to identify consumption inequality between different types of children. I apply this method to child fostering in Malawi. I find little evidence of inequality between foster and non-foster children.

Social Structure and Participation in Different Types of Formal Associations

Social Forces ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bell ◽  
M. T. Force
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Different Types

scholarly journals The Inheritance and Change of the Contemporary Daur Shaman

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Minna Sa
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Maternal Lineage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ancestral Spirit ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Human World ◽  
Ancient Times

The Daur people are a minority living in Northeast China. They have adhered to a form of shamanism since ancient times. They believe that all things are spiritual. The Daur call an intermediary or messenger between the human world and the spirit worlds jad’ən (shaman). In addition, there are also different types of priests and healers, such as baɡʧi (healer and priest), barʃ (bone-setter), ʊtʊʃi (healer of child) and baræʧen (midwife), but only the jad’ən is a real shaman. The Daur’s system of deities is huge, complex, and diverse, mainly including təŋɡər (God of Heaven), xʊʤʊr barkən (ancestral spirit), njaŋnjaŋ barkən (Niang Niang Goddess), aʊləi barkən (spirit of mountain), nuʤir barkən (spirit of snake), ɡali barkən (God of Fire), etc. Among them, ancestral spirit is the most noble and important deity of the Daur, called xʊʤʊr barkən (spirit of ancestors). In the past, the social structure of the Daurs was based on the equal clan xal and its branches mokun. Xʊʤʊr barkən is the ancestral spirit of the mokun family. The shaman with xʊʤʊr barkən as the main patron is called xʊʤʊr jad’ən, that is, mokun shaman. The inheritance of the Daur shaman is very complicated. The xʊʤʊr jad’ən is strictly inherited along the patrilineal line, while the ordinary jad’ən can also inherit according to the maternal lineage. The inheritance rites of other types of shamans are also based mainly on the patrilineal lineage and occasionally the maternal lineage. The complexity of the Daur shaman inheritance is first and foremost related to the variety of the gods and spirits, secondly to their belief of polytheism, and finally to the constant split of the traditional clans and families, namely, the xal-mokun social structure.

Unbelievable but improved cookstoves are not helpful in reducing firewood demand in Nepal

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
MANI NEPAL ◽  
APSARA NEPAL ◽  
KRISTINE GRIMSRUD
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Open Fire ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Nationally Representative

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the effect of different types of cookstoves on firewood demand at the household level. Using nationally representative household survey data from Nepal, we find that stove type significantly affects the firewood demand for household uses. Traditional mud-stove user households seem to use less firewood than the open-fire stove users. Surprisingly, households with the so-called ‘improved’ stoves seem to use more firewood than the households with mud stoves. Thus, converting traditional open-fire stoves to mud stoves may be a better conservation strategy in the short term rather than installing improved stoves, unless the technology improves. However, in the long run, making cleaner fuel more accessible to rural households is desirable to reduce indoor air pollution.

scholarly journals Out of the blue: understanding abrupt and wayward transitions in thought using probability and predictive processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 376 (1817) ◽  
pp. 20190692
Author(s):  
Caitlin Mills ◽  
Andre Zamani ◽  
Rebecca White ◽  
Kalina Christoff
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Probability Metrics ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Mental Experience ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
To Come

Thoughts that appear to come to us ‘out of the blue’ or ‘out of nowhere’ are a familiar aspect of mental experience. Such thoughts tend to elicit feelings of surprise and spontaneity. Although we are beginning to understand the neural processes that underlie the arising of such thoughts, little is known about what accounts for their peculiar phenomenology. Here, we focus on one central aspect of this phenomenology—the experience of surprise at their occurrence, as it relates to internal probabilistic predictions regarding mental states. We introduce a distinction between two phenomenologically different types of transitions in thought content: (i) abrupt transitions , which occur at surprising times but lead to unsurprising thought content, and (ii) wayward transitions , which occur at surprising times and also lead to surprising thought content. We examine these two types of transitions using a novel approach that combines probabilistic and predictive processing concepts and principles. We employ two different probability metrics—transition and occurrence probability—to characterize and differentiate between abrupt and wayward transitions. We close by discussing some potentially beneficial ways in which these two kinds of transitions in thought content may contribute to mental function, and how they may be implemented at the neural level. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation’.

Literary identity and social structure of the imperial period

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Kahn ◽  
Mark Lipovetsky ◽  
Irina Reyfman ◽  
Stephanie Sandler
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Literary Identity ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Village

The chapter explores how works of literature in the nineteenth century increasingly mapped the complex social structure of imperial Russia. It explains why social class and group identity features so prominently in the representation of characters in nineteenth-century Russian literature. The chapter demonstrates that different types of space, such as the capitals (St. Petersburg and Moscow), the village, or the estate, have specific cultural associations in literature. It discusses the phenomenon of the Petersburg mythology and the genre of Petersburg fiction, examines the provincial spaces as presented by Gogol and Chekhov, and colonial spaces such as the Caucasus as portrayed by Tolstoy.

Judgment of land ownership by young refugee Palestinian and U.S. children

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samar Zebian ◽  
Philippe Rochat
Keyword(s):  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Inequality Aversion ◽  
Material Wealth ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
First Finding ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Palestinian Refugee ◽  
The Rich ◽  
American Children

Children’s sense and reasoning about territory and land ownership may develop differently in contexts of poverty and where narratives of dispossession are a part of daily life and are of political and historical significance, as is the case in the Palestinian refugee context in Lebanon. In this study we looked at how 3- and 5-year-old refugee Palestinian and American children distribute land among neighbors disputing over an unoccupied piece of land separating their properties. Children were required to make distributive justice decisions about 4 scripted scenarios that involved a pretend conflict between different types of neighbors (rich/poor; ingroup vs. outgroup; neighbors of the same material wealth and neighbors that were either poor or rich as well as ingroup members). Both 5-year-old Palestinian and American children showed inequality aversion, favoring the poor neighbor over the rich in their distributive justice decisions. This first finding suggests that being born into poverty does not make young children more sensitive to material inequity, even if the object of dispute is of particular cultural relevance. However, a second main finding suggests that extreme circumstances potentially translate into enhanced ingroup partialities, above and beyond the universal normative trend toward inequity aversion.

scholarly journals Resonant waves and localization phenomena in lattices

2019 ◽  
Vol 377 (2156) ◽  
pp. 20190110
Author(s):  
Sagdulla A. Abdukadirov ◽  
Mark V. Ayzenberg-Stepanenko ◽  
Gregory G. Osharovich
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Wave Processes ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Hexagonal Cell ◽  
Transient Wave ◽  
Structured Media ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mass Spring ◽  
Square Cell ◽  
Dynamic Phenomena

Transient wave processes in mass-spring lattices excited by point oscillating sources are studied. Dispersion properties of uniform periodic three-dimensional (3D) square-cell and two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal-cell lattices including revealed star-shaped localization phenomena are analysed. The resonant-like waves and localization-like patterns in non-uniform lattices possessing predetermined and randomly distributed defects are numerically examined in order to identify the sensitivity of star-shape forms to different types of defects. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling of dynamic phenomena and localization in structured media (part 1)’.

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