Consumption Inequality Among Children: Evidence from Child Fostering in Malawi*

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Penglase
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Foster Children ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Household Resources ◽  
Child Fostering ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Different Types

Abstract The share of household resources devoted to a child may depend on their gender, birth order, or relationship to the household head. However, it is challenging to determine whether parents favour certain children over others as consumption data is collected at the household level and goods are shared among family members. I develop a new methodology using the collective household framework to identify consumption inequality between different types of children. I apply this method to child fostering in Malawi. I find little evidence of inequality between foster and non-foster children.

scholarly journals Credit’s use performance and its determinants on farm household: A case of Chitwan district of Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-149
Author(s):  
Namdev Upadhyay ◽  
Samaya Gairhe ◽  
Yogendra Acharya ◽  
Yuga Nath Ghimire ◽  
Krishna Prasad Timsina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Food Sufficiency ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
On Farm

Credit has been considered to play a pivotal role in the agricultural development of Nepal. A large number of institutions are involved in the disbursement of credit to agriculture. In this backdrop, the present study has examined the performance of agricultural credit and has identified the determinants of increased use of credit at the farm household level in Nepal. The study was based on survey data consisting of 107 samples collected randomly from the Chitwan district. The study has revealed that the quantum of credit availed by the farming households is affected by several socio-demographic factors which include caste, economically active population, food sufficiency, and membership in an organization. The research revealed that if the household is Brahmin/ Chettri, the probability of borrowing loans decreased by 32% as compared to other castes. Similarly, if the household’s economically active population increased by one unit, the probability of taking a loan increased by 16%. The results also show that, if household food sufficiency increased by one month the probability of taking loans decreased by 4 % but if the household head is a member of an organization, the probability of taking a loan increased by 28%. The congenial environment to increase the involvement of the household head to an organization like cooperative and farmers group, increasing the food self-sufficiency through productivity enhancement program and creating awareness on credit utilization helps to increase credit use performance in Agriculture.

scholarly journals Why Goat Farming in Northern Communal Areas of Namibia Is not Commercialised: The Case of Ogongo Constituency

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Cecil Togarepi ◽  
Benisiu Thomas ◽  
Namutenya Hilka Mika
Keyword(s):  
Household Head ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
North Central ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Communal Areas ◽  
The Government ◽  
Goat Farming

In Namibia, goat products are not found in the formal markets include retail shops. This is despite several attempts by the government of Namibia to promote goat products in the formal sector. At household level however, goat meat is a delicacy. This study therefore seeks to provide possible reasons for the unavailability of goat products in Northern Namibia focussing on the supply side of the goat market. A structured survey questionnaire was employed among 75 goat farmers in Ogongo Constituency, Omusati Region in North Central Namibia. The data sought included production, offtake and marketing of goats as well as challenges faced. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data and multiple linear regression was employed to determine the factors influencing offtake rate. The offtake rate (percent of goats sold) was estimated as 2.8% from the data, which is very low. The offtake rate was significantly influenced by age of the head of household (p<0.01), education level of the household head (p<0.01) and marital status (p<0.01). On the other hand, goat production was affected by other challenges such as unavailability of marketing infrastructure, diseases, grazing shortages, and frequent droughts. The implications of these findings on policy include provision of incentives to farmers to sale as well as providing marketing infrastructure. Thus the study recommends the sensitization of communal farmers on economic potential of selling goats to alleviate poverty and to improve livelihoods through income generation.

scholarly journals Welfare and the depth of informality: Evidence from five African countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Egger ◽  
Cecilia Poggi ◽  
Héctor Rufrancos
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Household Head ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Relationship

This study explores the relationship between household poverty and depth of informality by proposing a new measure of informality at the household level. It is defined as the share of activities (hours worked or income earned) without social insurance for wage workers in the household. We apply cross-sectional regressions to five urban sub-Saharan African countries, showing that a household head informality dummy obscures a non-linear relationship between the depth of household informality and welfare outcomes. In some countries, a small share of income from formal jobs is associated with at least the same welfare as a fully formal portfolio. By assessing transitions between household portfolios with panel data for urban Nigeria, we also show that most welfare differences are explained by selection and that movements in and out of formality cannot sufficiently change welfare trajectories. The results call for better inclusion of informal profiles to social insurance programmes.

Relationships

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Lomas
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Different Types

This chapter outlines the second of the three meta-categories that together constitute the theory of wellbeing presented in the book. Its focus is relationships, which constitute the main way in which wellbeing is influenced. This meta-category comprises two subsidiary categories, love (i.e., close bonds with select others), and prosociality (connections with people ‘in general’). These in turn are woven together from multiple themes, identified through the analysis of untranslatable words. With love, 14 different types were identified, which were grouped into four main themes: non-personal (e.g., for objects); caring (e.g., for family members); romantic (e.g., for one’s ‘partner’); and transcendent (e.g., for a spiritual figure). With prosociality, five main themes were found: socialising and congregating; morals and ethics; compassion and kindness; interaction and communication; and communality. Together, these categories and themes cover the diverse ways in which relationships can contribute to wellbeing.

scholarly journals The unequal distribution of household carbon footprints in Europe and its link to sustainability

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Ivanova ◽  
Richard Wood
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Carbon Footprints ◽  
Income Equality ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
European Union Countries

Non-technical summary The distribution of household carbon footprints is largely unequal within and across countries. Here, we explore household-level consumption data to illustrate the distribution of carbon footprints and consumption within 26 European Union countries, regions and social groups. The analysis further sheds light on the relationships between carbon footprints and socially desirable outcomes such as income, equality, education, nutrition, sanitation, employment and adequate living conditions.

scholarly journals Prevalence and factors associated with underweight children: a population-based subnational analysis from Pakistan

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e028972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Kumar ◽  
Faisal Abbas ◽  
Tahir Mahmood ◽  
Ratana Somrongthong
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Community Based Interventions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Children Under 5

ObjectivesThis study aims to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with underweight children under the age of 5 in Punjab, Pakistan.DesignWe analysed cross-sectional household-level subnationally representative Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey.SettingsPunjab province, Pakistan.Participants24 042 children under 5 years of age.Data analysisMultilevel multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsPrevalence of moderately and severely underweight children was found to be (33.3% and 11.3%, respectively). Multivariate multilevel logistic regression results show that as the child grows older the likelihood of the child being underweight increases significantly (eg, children between 12 and 23 months are one and half times more likely to be underweight, whereas children between the ages of 36 and 47 months are two and a half times more likely to be underweight). Gender was found to be another significant factor contributing to underweight prevalence among children under the age of 5. The likelihood of a girl child being underweight is more than that of a boy child being underweight (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.0). Similarly, a child whose birth order is three or more is two times more likely to be underweight (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.5 to 2.5) relative to a child of a lower birth order. Moreover, diarrhoea also significantly increases the likelihood of the child being underweight (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.5). Child size is another determinant for underweight prevalence among children under 5, for example, a child with a size smaller than average at the time of birth is 2.7 times more likely to be moderately underweight than a child with an average or larger than average size at the time of birth.ConclusionRigorous community-based interventions should be developed and executed throughout the province to improve this grave situation of underweight prevalence in Punjab. Mother’s education should be uplifted by providing them formal education and providing awareness about the importance of proper nutrition for children.

The GENDER RELATIONS AND INTRA-HOUSEHOLD RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS: WOMEN’ S ACCESS TO AGRICULTURE EXTENSION AND ADVISORY SERVICES IN KABLE DISTRICT, UGANDA

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 467-494
Author(s):  
Peace Mbabazi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Relations ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Advisory Services ◽  
Household Resources ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Power Setting ◽  
Patriarchal Power ◽  
Agriculture Extension

Abstract Gender relations embody and justify unequal power relations in intra-household allocation and livelihood improvement strategies. While women are the main actors in agriculture production in the Kabale’s dominant smallholder farmer households, they are restricted from control and use of the production resources necessary to access Agriculture Extension and Advisory Services. Household and higher level institutional structures are within patriarchal power setting and women have to bargain through explicit and implicit ways to access household resources, each with implications on accessibility to support services needed to improve livelihood. There are however, some few cases of mutual cooperation with positive ramifications on access to extension services as well as on household livelihood outcomes. While this paper recognizes eminent reforms during the era of agriculture modernisation, these have not yet fully achieved power and institutional transformation for the meaningful positioning of women with regard to control and use of resources needed to access extension services at household level.

scholarly journals Household level determinants of food insecurity in rural areas of Dire Dawa, eastern Ethiopia

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (30) ◽  
pp. 1914-1926
Author(s):  
Ayalneh Bogale ◽  
◽  
Shimelis A ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Food Insecurity ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Dire Dawa

Even though the struggle to achieve food security at the household level in the rural areas of Ethiopia dates back a long period, it has remained as a challenging goal even today. Making their living on marginal, moisture stressed, heavily degraded and less productive land, households in rural areas of Dire Dawa face persistent food shortages. The design and implementation of effective measures to reduce household food insecurity in the region depends on in-depth understanding of its covariates. This study seeks to address these issues by assessing location specific socio-economic factors that influence food insecurity of households in rural areas of Dire Dawa Administrative region. The analysis is based on survey data gathered from randomly selected 115 sample rural households in the study area. A binary logit model was used to identify the factors influencing household level food insecurity. A total of thirteen explanatory variables were included in the empirical model. The empirical results estimated using the survey data to identify the determinants of food insecurity among rural households in the study area revealed mixed impressions. Among variables considered , family size, annual income, amount of credit received, access to irrigation, age of household head, farm size, and livestock owned showed theoretically consistent and statistically significant effect. However, estimated coefficients of number of oxen owned and dependency ratio showed theoretically inconsistent and statistically insignificant effect on the probability of household to be food insecure.. Estimated coefficients of sex of household head, total off-farm income, education of household head and amount of food aid received were not found to be statistically significant in determining household food insecurity in the study area. The findings imply that improvement in food security situation needs to build assets, improve the functioning of rural financial markets and promote family planning. These areas could provide entry points for policy intervention to reduce hunger and augment household and community livelihood opportunities.

Unbelievable but improved cookstoves are not helpful in reducing firewood demand in Nepal

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
MANI NEPAL ◽  
APSARA NEPAL ◽  
KRISTINE GRIMSRUD
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Open Fire ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Nationally Representative

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the effect of different types of cookstoves on firewood demand at the household level. Using nationally representative household survey data from Nepal, we find that stove type significantly affects the firewood demand for household uses. Traditional mud-stove user households seem to use less firewood than the open-fire stove users. Surprisingly, households with the so-called ‘improved’ stoves seem to use more firewood than the households with mud stoves. Thus, converting traditional open-fire stoves to mud stoves may be a better conservation strategy in the short term rather than installing improved stoves, unless the technology improves. However, in the long run, making cleaner fuel more accessible to rural households is desirable to reduce indoor air pollution.

AREA VARIATIONS IN USE OF MODERN CONTRACEPTION IN RURAL BANGLADESH: A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS

1999 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
NASHID KAMAL ◽  
ANDREW SLOGGETT ◽  
JOHN G. CLELAND
Keyword(s):  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Levels Of Use ◽  
Cluster Variation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels

This study in Bangladesh found that inter-cluster variation in the use of modern reversible methods of contraception was significantly attributable to the educational levels of the female family planning workers working in the clusters. Women belonging to clusters served by educated workers had a higher probability of being contraceptive users than those whose workers had only completed primary education. At the household level, important determinants of use were socioeconomic status and religion. At the individual level, the woman being the wife of the household head and having some education were positively related to her being a user. The model also found that inter-household variation was significantly greater than inter-cluster variation. Finally, the study concludes that after controlling for various covariates at all three levels, the clusters do not have significantly different levels of use of modern reversible methods of contraception. There are, however, some special areas where contraceptive use is dramatically low, and these contribute significantly to the observed inter-cluster variation.

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