VIII. On a new equiatomic compound of with binoxide of mercury

1839 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Large Excess ◽  
Alkaline Reaction

When hydrocyanic acid of considerable strength (10 to 20 per cent.) is agitated with red oxide of mercury in large excess, a white compound is obtained, intermixed with the red oxide, on which cold water has very little action. If the mixture be collected on the filter and treated with boiling water, the new compound is separated from the excess of oxide, and, as the solution cools, is deposited on the sides of the vessel in the form of a white incrustation, adhering strongly, and consisting of an aggregation of colourless transparent four sided acicular prisms. In favourable circumstances, I have obtained it in such prisms half an inch in length, but not sufficiently perfect to admit of measurement. This salt is remarkably distinguished from the bicyanide by its sparing solubility in cold water, by the strong alkaline reaction exhibited by its solution, and by its relations to heat. Heated gently in the air, it blackens slightly and then explodes with little noise, but if it be heated in larger quantity (5 to 10 grs.), and in a close tube, it explodes with a loud detonation, and shivers the tube into fragments. It does not explode under the blow of a hammer.

scholarly journals On a new equi-atomic compound of bicyanide with binoxide of mercury

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 135-135
Keyword(s):  
Small Proportion ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
The State ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Acid Gas ◽  
Alkaline Reaction

In this paper an account is given of the properties of a salt, obtained by agitating with red oxide of mercury a small proportion of hydrocyanic acid, and which the author finds to be distinguished from the bicyanide of mercury by its sparing solubility in cold water, by the strong alkaline reaction exhibited by its solution, (a property which indicates an excess of mercury,) and by its susceptibility of detonation by heat, depending on this excess being in the state of an oxide, and on the action of the oxygen on a portion of the carbon of the cyanogen it contains, and the presence of which is shown by the disengagement of hydrocyanic acid gas when acted on by hydrosulphuric and hydrochloric acids. The analysis of this salt, given by the author, shows it to consist of Carbon ................... 5·203 Nitrogen ............... 6·025 Oxygen ............... 3·098 Mercury ............... 85·674 --------- 100.

scholarly journals II. Contributions towards the history of thiobenzamide

1870 ◽  
Vol 18 (114-122) ◽  
pp. 499-502
Keyword(s):  
Pure State ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hydriodic Acid ◽  
Alcoholic Solution ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Iodine Solution ◽  
Free Iodine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Starch Paste ◽  
Sulphuretted Hydrogen

When a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen is passed through a solution of benzonitrile in alcoholic ammonia, the liquid, after the lapse of a few hours, deposits fine yellow needles, which are the thiobenzamide, C 7 H 7 NS = C 7 H 5 S} N H} N H} N, discovered by M. Cahours. It can be obtained in a pure state by recrystallization from boiling water. When a cold saturated alcoholic solution of this body is mixed with an alcoholic solution of iodine, the latter is immediately decolorized with separation of sulphur. If the addition of iodine solution be continued until even after a short boiling free iodine remains, which can readily be detected by starch-paste, the solution filtered from the sulphur, and poured into water, solidifies to a mass of white interlaced needles, which can readily be freed from adhering hydriodic acid by washing with cold water.

scholarly journals Integration of cooking and vacuum cooling of carrots in a same vessel

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Gustavo Gonçalves Rodrigues ◽  
Darlene Cavalheiro ◽  
Franciny Campos Schmidt ◽  
João Borges Laurindo
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Integrated Process ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Final Temperature ◽  
Single Vessel ◽  
Vacuum Cooling ◽  
Feasible Alternative ◽  
Integrated Processes

Cooked vegetables are commonly used in the preparation of ready-to-eat foods. The integration of cooking and cooling of carrots and vacuum cooling in a single vessel is described in this paper. The combination of different methods of cooking and vacuum cooling was investigated. Integrated processes of cooking and vacuum cooling in a same vessel enabled obtaining cooked and cooled carrots at the final temperature of 10 ºC, which is adequate for preparing ready-to-eat foods safely. When cooking and cooling steps were performed with the samples immersed in boiling water, the effective weight loss was approximately 3.6%. When the cooking step was performed with the samples in boiling water or steamed, and the vacuum cooling was applied after draining the boiling water, water loss ranged between 15 and 20%, which caused changes in the product texture. This problem can be solved with rehydration using a small amount of sterile cold water. The instrumental textural properties of carrots samples rehydrated at both vacuum and atmospheric conditions were very similar. Therefore, the integrated process of cooking and vacuum cooling of carrots in a single vessel is a feasible alternative for processing such kind of foods.

scholarly journals Farmer Friendly Options for Sterilizing Farm Tools for the Control of Xanthomonas Wilt Disease of Banana

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Ocimati ◽  
Anthony Fredrick Tazuba ◽  
Guy Blomme
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Repeated Heating ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Household Bleach

The adoption of tool sterilization using either 3.5% sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) or fire, a core element of the cultural control packages for Xanthomonas wilt (XW) of banana has been poorly adopted hampering XW control in East and Central Africa. Household bleach is costly and not accessible to the rural poor while repeated heating weakens metal blades of garden tools (machetes, knives, and hoes). Identification of economically viable tool sterilization options is thus crucial for XW management. We explored a range of practices including tool insertion for varying time periods into cold and hot ash, fire and boiling water; tool exposure over varying time periods to the sun while under black or transparent plastic sheets; and washing tools with cold water and laundry soap or detergent. Cleaning with household bleach served as a negative control while uncleaned tools as positive control. Like for household bleach, no Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum (Xvm) the causal agent of XW was recovered from tools washed with cold water and different laundry soaps or detergents. Culturing Xvm in varying detergent and soap concentrations (0.00125–0.035 g/mL), only resulted in growth at lower concentrations of 0.00125 and 0.0025 g/mL. The cleaning effect of soap could thus be due to both an anti-bacterial effect and dislodgment of bacteria from tools. Laundry soaps/detergents are cheaper than household bleach and used for various purposes within and across households, including the resource poor and rural households, hence a cheaper and convenient tool sterilization alternative. Tool insertion into boiling water was effective from the 40th second and thus a viable alternative. Heating tools in fire required up to a minute to clear all bacteria. The currently recommended 20–40 s heating could thus be inadequate. Repeated heating for 1 min may also damage tools. Other practices (washing with cold water only, use of solar radiation, repeatedly and forcefully inserting tools into the soil, tool insertion into hot and cold ash for up to 5 min) only reduced Xvm populations on tools, thus not independently recommended. We recommend expanding the tool sterilization options to include washing with soap/ detergents and tool insertion into boiling water for at least 1 min.

scholarly journals Observations and experiments on pus

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 383-384
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Aqueous Fluid ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Uniformly Smooth ◽  
History Of

The author prefaces the account of his experiments and observations on the nature and properties of purulent fluids, by an etymological disquisition concerning the origin of the word Pus, and the various senses which philologists may discover for the word πvos , besides the distinct signification given to it by Hippocrates, of a thick, white, inodorous, uniformly smooth fluid, which is contained in an abscess. From the etymology, Dr. Pearson next proceeds to the history of the several opinions that have been entertained respecting the formation of purulent matters, and of the characters by which different persons have endeavoured to distinguish real pus, from such purulent fluids as ought rather to be considered as modifications of mucus. Since nothing appears to have been added since the date of Mr. Home’s dissertation on pus, which was written in the year 1798 Dr. Pearson’s history concludes with an outline of Mr. Home’s account of the nature of pus. According to him, pus is composed of globules swimming in a transparent aqueous fluid. The globules, on which its opacity depends, are formed subsequently to the secretion of the transparent fluid. They are not soluble in cold water, like those of blood, but are decomposed by boiling water; and the fluid in which they swim is not coagulable by heat, as serum, but is coagulable by sal-ammoniac, which does not coagulate serum. Dr. Pearson’s examination of pus is divided into six sections, of which the first treats of the simple and obvious properties; and he distinguishes four different kinds of pus.

scholarly journals Examination of the proximate principles of some of the lichens.—Part II

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 811-813
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Test Paper ◽  
Alkaline Reaction ◽  
Muriatic Acid ◽  
Lime Solution ◽  
Gyrophoric Acid ◽  
Animal Charcoal ◽  
The Way

Gyrophora pustulata. The author states that this lichen, which is the “Tripe de Roche” of the Canadian hunters, has been long employed by the manufacturers of archil, though the quantity of colouring matter contained in it is by no means considerable, being little more than a twelfth of that in the Roccella Montagnei . The Gyrophora pustulata , on which the author operated, was brought from Norway, where it is annually collected in considerable quantity for the manufacture of archil. The colouring principle was extracted by maceration with milk of lime, and was precipitated in a gelatinous state by neutralizing the lime solution by muriatic acid, precisely in the way so frequently described in the author’s former paper (Phil. Trans. 1818). The precipitate was gently dried, and then dissolved in hot spirits of wine. On the cooling of the liquid, the colouring principle was deposited in small soft crystals, which by digestion with animal charcoal and repeated crystallizations were rendered quite colourless. This principle, to which the author has given the name of Gyrophoric acid , is almost insoluble in either hot or cold water, and is also much less soluble in hot spirits of wine than either orsellic, erythric, or any of the analogous colouring principles. It is neutral to test-paper, and possesses no saturating power, as the smallest quantity of an alkali gives its solutions an alkaline reaction. Gyrophoric acid strikes a bright red fugitive colour with hypochlorite of lime; and when macerated with a solution of ammonia, it is slowly converted into a purplish-red colouring matter, similar to that yielded by the analogous acids under the same circumstances. When subjected to analysis, the formula of gyrophoric acid was found to C 36 H 18 O 15 . Gyrophoric acid when boiled for some hours in alcohol yields an ether similar in appearance and properties to the erythric and lecanoric ethers; its formula is C 4 H 5 O + C 36 H 18 O 15 .

STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: I. A NEW METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION OF SPRUCE WOOD LIGNIN

1930 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 357-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Hibbert ◽  
H. J. Rowley
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Ethyl Ether ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
New Method ◽  
Large Excess ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Hydroxy Compounds ◽  
Related Compounds ◽  
Unchanged Form

A description is given of a new method for the isolation from spruce meal of lignin in apparently a relatively unchanged form. The method consists in first extracting the spruce meal with a mixture of equal volumes of benzene and alcohol, followed by an extraction with water. The dried meal is then digested for 6–8 hr. at 110 °C. with 8–10 times its weight of ethylene glycol containing 0.2% of iodine, calculated on the weight of spruce meal taken. The reaction mixture is filtered, and the lignin isolated by pouring the filtrate into a large excess of cold water. Other catalysts such as hydrochloric acid may be used in place of iodine and the glycol may be replaced by a variety of hydroxy-compounds such as glycol mono-ethyl ether, glycerol, chlorhydrins, hydroxyacids, etc.

scholarly journals A description of a process, by which corn tainted with must may be completely purified. By Charles Hatchett, Esq. F. R. S. In a letter addressed to the Right Honourable Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. G. C. B. P. R. S. & c. &c. Read December 5, 1816. [Phil. Trans. 1817, p. 36.]

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 57-58
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Great Loss ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
The Right

The great loss formerly experienced by the mustiness of imported grain, led the author, some years ago, to the means now described of removing the taint, and which he conceives may be advantageously applied to the large quantities of corn which were unavoidably housed in a damp state, in consequence of the unpropitious weather, during the late harvest. The author considers the mustiness to be confined principally to the exterior amylaceous part of the grain, and the process proposed consists in pouring upon the tainted grain thrice its quantity of boiling water. When cold, the water and floating grains are to be poured off; the corn is to be washed with cold water, drained, and carefully kiln-dried. It will be found perfectly sweet, and the loss of weight is inconsiderable. The advantages of this process are its simplicity and cheapness; and although the author has hitherto only applied it to wheat, there can, he observes, be little doubt that oats and other grain may be deprived of must with equal success.

Reaction on the surface of an inactive living muscle

1926 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1313-1316
Author(s):  
I. A. Vetokhin
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Active Tension ◽  
Du Bois ◽  
Alkaline Reaction ◽  
Acid Reaction ◽  
First Time ◽  
Resting Muscle

The reaction of a dead muscle was for the first time discovered by the famous chemist Bercelius as acidic, and this understanding of muscle reaction was kept until Du-Bois-Reymond, who proved an alkaline reaction on litmus of a resting muscle; he explained the observed cases of undoubted acid reaction of the latter either by decay of muscle tissue, or its death and rigor, or by its active tension, work. Although such an explanation was contradicted by the experiments of Du-Bois-Reymond in which he obtained an alkaline reaction in inactive muscles killed by him in boiling water, but the ideas about the reaction of the muscle that came from the time of Du-Bois-Reymond have survived to this day.

Patient Involvement in Treatment Decision Making Can Help or Hinder Placebo Analgesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Geers ◽  
Jason P. Rose ◽  
Stephanie L. Fowler ◽  
Jill A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Patient Involvement ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Placebo Analgesia ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
Immersion Experience

Experiments have found that choosing between placebo analgesics can reduce pain more than being assigned a placebo analgesic. Because earlier research has shown prior experience moderates choice effects in other contexts, we tested whether prior experience with a pain stimulus moderates this placebo-choice association. Before a cold water pain task, participants were either told that an inert cream would reduce their pain or they were not told this information. Additionally, participants chose between one of two inert creams for the task or they were not given choice. Importantly, we also measured prior experience with cold water immersion. Individuals with prior cold water immersion experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia when given choice, whereas participants without this experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia without choice. Prior stimulus experience appears to moderate the effect of choice on placebo analgesia.

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