scholarly journals Farmer Friendly Options for Sterilizing Farm Tools for the Control of Xanthomonas Wilt Disease of Banana

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Ocimati ◽  
Anthony Fredrick Tazuba ◽  
Guy Blomme
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Repeated Heating ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Household Bleach

The adoption of tool sterilization using either 3.5% sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) or fire, a core element of the cultural control packages for Xanthomonas wilt (XW) of banana has been poorly adopted hampering XW control in East and Central Africa. Household bleach is costly and not accessible to the rural poor while repeated heating weakens metal blades of garden tools (machetes, knives, and hoes). Identification of economically viable tool sterilization options is thus crucial for XW management. We explored a range of practices including tool insertion for varying time periods into cold and hot ash, fire and boiling water; tool exposure over varying time periods to the sun while under black or transparent plastic sheets; and washing tools with cold water and laundry soap or detergent. Cleaning with household bleach served as a negative control while uncleaned tools as positive control. Like for household bleach, no Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum (Xvm) the causal agent of XW was recovered from tools washed with cold water and different laundry soaps or detergents. Culturing Xvm in varying detergent and soap concentrations (0.00125–0.035 g/mL), only resulted in growth at lower concentrations of 0.00125 and 0.0025 g/mL. The cleaning effect of soap could thus be due to both an anti-bacterial effect and dislodgment of bacteria from tools. Laundry soaps/detergents are cheaper than household bleach and used for various purposes within and across households, including the resource poor and rural households, hence a cheaper and convenient tool sterilization alternative. Tool insertion into boiling water was effective from the 40th second and thus a viable alternative. Heating tools in fire required up to a minute to clear all bacteria. The currently recommended 20–40 s heating could thus be inadequate. Repeated heating for 1 min may also damage tools. Other practices (washing with cold water only, use of solar radiation, repeatedly and forcefully inserting tools into the soil, tool insertion into hot and cold ash for up to 5 min) only reduced Xvm populations on tools, thus not independently recommended. We recommend expanding the tool sterilization options to include washing with soap/ detergents and tool insertion into boiling water for at least 1 min.

scholarly journals II. Contributions towards the history of thiobenzamide

1870 ◽  
Vol 18 (114-122) ◽  
pp. 499-502
Keyword(s):  
Pure State ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hydriodic Acid ◽  
Alcoholic Solution ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Iodine Solution ◽  
Free Iodine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Starch Paste ◽  
Sulphuretted Hydrogen

When a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen is passed through a solution of benzonitrile in alcoholic ammonia, the liquid, after the lapse of a few hours, deposits fine yellow needles, which are the thiobenzamide, C 7 H 7 NS = C 7 H 5 S} N H} N H} N, discovered by M. Cahours. It can be obtained in a pure state by recrystallization from boiling water. When a cold saturated alcoholic solution of this body is mixed with an alcoholic solution of iodine, the latter is immediately decolorized with separation of sulphur. If the addition of iodine solution be continued until even after a short boiling free iodine remains, which can readily be detected by starch-paste, the solution filtered from the sulphur, and poured into water, solidifies to a mass of white interlaced needles, which can readily be freed from adhering hydriodic acid by washing with cold water.

scholarly journals Integration of cooking and vacuum cooling of carrots in a same vessel

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Gustavo Gonçalves Rodrigues ◽  
Darlene Cavalheiro ◽  
Franciny Campos Schmidt ◽  
João Borges Laurindo
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Integrated Process ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Final Temperature ◽  
Single Vessel ◽  
Vacuum Cooling ◽  
Feasible Alternative ◽  
Integrated Processes

Cooked vegetables are commonly used in the preparation of ready-to-eat foods. The integration of cooking and cooling of carrots and vacuum cooling in a single vessel is described in this paper. The combination of different methods of cooking and vacuum cooling was investigated. Integrated processes of cooking and vacuum cooling in a same vessel enabled obtaining cooked and cooled carrots at the final temperature of 10 ºC, which is adequate for preparing ready-to-eat foods safely. When cooking and cooling steps were performed with the samples immersed in boiling water, the effective weight loss was approximately 3.6%. When the cooking step was performed with the samples in boiling water or steamed, and the vacuum cooling was applied after draining the boiling water, water loss ranged between 15 and 20%, which caused changes in the product texture. This problem can be solved with rehydration using a small amount of sterile cold water. The instrumental textural properties of carrots samples rehydrated at both vacuum and atmospheric conditions were very similar. Therefore, the integrated process of cooking and vacuum cooling of carrots in a single vessel is a feasible alternative for processing such kind of foods.

Evaluation of in vitro serial antibiotic elution from meropenem-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads after ethylene oxide gas and autoclave sterilization

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (01) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Langston ◽  
S. Givaruangsawat ◽  
R. McLaughlin ◽  
L. A. Báez
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Microbiological Assay ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Pmma Beads ◽  
Ethylene Oxide Gas

Summary Objectives: To determine the elution properties of meropenem and to compare the elutions of meropenem-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) beads without sterilization (P-M-C) to those sterilized with steam (P-M-A) and ethylene oxide gas (P-M-EO). Methods: A commercial bead mould was used to produce four groups of beads: one group without antibiotic (negative control), and three groups of meropenem-impregnated beads: P-M-C, P-M-A, and P-M-EO. The beads were placed in a phosphate buffered solution and eluent samples were collected. Concentrations of the antibiotic in eluent samples from the two sterilized groups and the control beads were determined using a microbiological assay at 1, 3, 6 and 12 hours and at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 22, 26, and 30 days. Results: The microbiological assay resulted in no zone of inhibition at all time periods for the P-M-A samples and the samples of PMMA without antimicrobial. The meropenem concentration on the eluent remained above 4 mcg/ml for 15 days in the P-M-C group and until day 18 for P-M-EO group. There was no statistical difference in AUC0-∞ (p <0.318), however significance did occur for MRT (p <0.005) when comparing P-M-C and P-M-EO with the later being higher. Discussion: The meropenem incorporated in the PMMA beads eluted effectively and gradually decreased after the 24 hour peak, but remained above the concentration level of 4 mcg/ml for 15 days in the P-M-C group and until day 18 for P-M-EO group. Ethylene oxide does not adversely affect meropenem’s elution from PMMA beads.

scholarly journals SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), AN INVASIVE PEST IN AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND ITS MANAGEMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-153
Author(s):  
Ahmad Hassan Tahir ◽  
Muhammad Tariq ◽  
Aqsa Mazhar ◽  
Muhammad Shehzad
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
First Time ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) commonly known as fall armyworm (FAW), is a pest that invaded the sub-tropical and tropical regions of America. In 2016, it was reported for the first time in central Africa and within a year it was reported from many countries of Africa. It then spread in Asia and in 2018 it was reported in India, and now its infestation was seen in Pakistan. Its strong flight, climatic adaptableness and large host range makes it a good colonizing agent as compared to other species of Spodoptera. In potential managing strategies we must know about its primary information such as its biology, host range, habitat and favorable conditions. Identification and life cycle is the most important process in the management of this pest. IPM strategies include physical and cultural control, botanical control, biological control and chemical control. These strategies will help in management of FAW. All these aspects have been reviewed in this article.

scholarly journals Sonication (Ultrasound) Affects In Vitro Growth of Hybrid Cymbidium

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva ◽  
Judit Dobránszki
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe use of ultrasound or sonication has been shown to stimulate growth and development of several plant species. No study exists on the impact of sound on Cymbidium growth in vitro. Using sonication at 60 Hz for several time periods, the response on new protocorm-like body (neo-PLB) formation on Teixeira Cymbidium (TC) medium was examined, as was the response on in vitro plant organogenesis. Sonication for 5 or 10 min stimulated neo-PLB formation significantly more than plant growth regulator (PGR)-free TC medium without sonication (negative control) and more than 1, 20 or 45 min sonication, but significantly less than control TC medium containing PGRs NAA and Kin (positive control) after 60 days in culture. Sonication, when applied to PLBs, did not influence most plantlet-related growth parameters. Flow cytometric analyses registered an increase in endoreduplication in sonicated PLB tissues. Sonication at 60 Hz has a PLB-promoting effect, but is not as effective as PGRs.

PEMANFAATAN SERBUK KAYU JATI (Tectona grandis L.) YANG DIRENDAM DALAM AIR DINGIN SEBAGAI MEDIA TUMBUH JAMUR TIRAM (Pleurotus comunicipae)

PERENNIAL ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
. Baharuddin ◽  
Muh. Taufik Arfah ◽  
. Syahidah
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Control Measurement ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Growth Ability

The growth responds of Pleurotus comunicipae to the use of cold water-soaked teakwood sawdust as a growth medium was investigated. Teakwood sawdust was soaked in cold water during the time periods of 1, 3, 5 and 7 days) with ten replications. Unsoaked teakwood sawdust was also prepared and used as a control. Measurement variabels consisted of time required for a completely covering mycelial growth, number of fruitbody, and fungal mass (green and dry weight). Results showed that P. comunicipae placed on soaked teakwood sawdust medium had a better growth than control (without soaking) medium. The medium with increased soaking period produced a good growth ability of P.comunicipae. At teakwood sawdust soaked for 7 days, the average of mycelial growth to cover teakwood sawdust medium, number of fruiting bodies, green weight and dry weight at the first harvesting were 52.6 days, 8.6 units, 100.5 grams and 13.4 grams, respectively. Keywords: teakwoods sawdust, Pleurotus comunicipae, cold water soaking, growth ability

scholarly journals Observations and experiments on pus

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 383-384
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Aqueous Fluid ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Uniformly Smooth ◽  
History Of

The author prefaces the account of his experiments and observations on the nature and properties of purulent fluids, by an etymological disquisition concerning the origin of the word Pus, and the various senses which philologists may discover for the word πvos , besides the distinct signification given to it by Hippocrates, of a thick, white, inodorous, uniformly smooth fluid, which is contained in an abscess. From the etymology, Dr. Pearson next proceeds to the history of the several opinions that have been entertained respecting the formation of purulent matters, and of the characters by which different persons have endeavoured to distinguish real pus, from such purulent fluids as ought rather to be considered as modifications of mucus. Since nothing appears to have been added since the date of Mr. Home’s dissertation on pus, which was written in the year 1798 Dr. Pearson’s history concludes with an outline of Mr. Home’s account of the nature of pus. According to him, pus is composed of globules swimming in a transparent aqueous fluid. The globules, on which its opacity depends, are formed subsequently to the secretion of the transparent fluid. They are not soluble in cold water, like those of blood, but are decomposed by boiling water; and the fluid in which they swim is not coagulable by heat, as serum, but is coagulable by sal-ammoniac, which does not coagulate serum. Dr. Pearson’s examination of pus is divided into six sections, of which the first treats of the simple and obvious properties; and he distinguishes four different kinds of pus.

VIII. On a new equiatomic compound of with binoxide of mercury

1839 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Large Excess ◽  
Alkaline Reaction

When hydrocyanic acid of considerable strength (10 to 20 per cent.) is agitated with red oxide of mercury in large excess, a white compound is obtained, intermixed with the red oxide, on which cold water has very little action. If the mixture be collected on the filter and treated with boiling water, the new compound is separated from the excess of oxide, and, as the solution cools, is deposited on the sides of the vessel in the form of a white incrustation, adhering strongly, and consisting of an aggregation of colourless transparent four sided acicular prisms. In favourable circumstances, I have obtained it in such prisms half an inch in length, but not sufficiently perfect to admit of measurement. This salt is remarkably distinguished from the bicyanide by its sparing solubility in cold water, by the strong alkaline reaction exhibited by its solution, and by its relations to heat. Heated gently in the air, it blackens slightly and then explodes with little noise, but if it be heated in larger quantity (5 to 10 grs.), and in a close tube, it explodes with a loud detonation, and shivers the tube into fragments. It does not explode under the blow of a hammer.

scholarly journals A description of a process, by which corn tainted with must may be completely purified. By Charles Hatchett, Esq. F. R. S. In a letter addressed to the Right Honourable Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. G. C. B. P. R. S. & c. &c. Read December 5, 1816. [Phil. Trans. 1817, p. 36.]

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 57-58
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Great Loss ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
The Right

The great loss formerly experienced by the mustiness of imported grain, led the author, some years ago, to the means now described of removing the taint, and which he conceives may be advantageously applied to the large quantities of corn which were unavoidably housed in a damp state, in consequence of the unpropitious weather, during the late harvest. The author considers the mustiness to be confined principally to the exterior amylaceous part of the grain, and the process proposed consists in pouring upon the tainted grain thrice its quantity of boiling water. When cold, the water and floating grains are to be poured off; the corn is to be washed with cold water, drained, and carefully kiln-dried. It will be found perfectly sweet, and the loss of weight is inconsiderable. The advantages of this process are its simplicity and cheapness; and although the author has hitherto only applied it to wheat, there can, he observes, be little doubt that oats and other grain may be deprived of must with equal success.

scholarly journals Bean Anthracnose: Virulence of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Isolates from Burundi, Central Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bigirimana ◽  
R. Fontaine ◽  
M. Höfte
Keyword(s):  
Germ Plasm ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Minimum Relative Humidity ◽  
Differential Cultivars ◽  
Bean Anthracnose ◽  
System 1

The diversity of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is a major limiting factor in control of anthracnose on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and race characterization of this pathogen is an important tool in breeding programs. Race characterization has been carried out on isolates from North, Central, and South America; Europe; and Asia, but little or no information exists on the diversity of C. lindemuthianum in Africa. In this work, 12 isolates from the major bean-growing areas of Burundi, Central Africa, were characterized. Their virulence was tested on 12 bean differential cultivars (1) and on 4 bean cultivars commonly grown in Burundi: 2 from local germ plasm (Muyinga-1 and Urubonobono) and 2 from Colombia (A 321 and Calima). Detached unifoliate bean leaves from 8-day-old plants were placed on a humid surface in trays and sprayed until runoff with a suspension of 106 spores ml-1. Trays covered with transparent plastic sheets to keep a minimum relative humidity of 92% were incubated at 20°C. Seven days after inoculation, symptoms were evaluated for severity on a scale of 1 to 9. Leaves scored as 1 to 3 were considered resistant. Races were characterized according to a numerical binary system (1). Nine races were identified: 9, 69, 87, 384, 385, 401, 448, 449, and 485. Seven of these races (9, 69, 87, 384, 401, 448, and 485) were described for the first time in Africa. Races 401 and 485 have not yet been reported in the literature. The most susceptible differential cultivars were Michelite, PI 207262, To, and Mexico 222. Muyinga-1, Urubonobono, and A 321 were sensitive to nine, six, and five races, respectively. There is a high diversity of C. lindemuthianum in Burundi, and the local germ plasm tested is very susceptible to the characterized races. Breeding programs in Burundi should focus on lines and cultivars, such as Tu, AB 136, G 2333, and Calima, that are resistant to all the races characterized in this study. Reference: (1) M. A. Pastor-Corrales. Phytopathology 81:694, 1991.

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