Characterization and utilization of nixtamalised rice flours in the production of cake

In an attempt to provide an alternate rice processing technique and enhance its nutritional quality, Faro 52 (Upland) and Nerica 8 (Lowland) rice grains were subjected to nixtamalisation involving cooking and soaking in a lime solution. The proximate composition, functional properties and pasting characteristics of the nixtamalised and nonnixtamalised rice flours were evaluated. Cakes produced with the rice flours were also subjected to sensory evaluation. Nixtamalisation significantly increased the protein content of upland (NUPRF) and lowland (NLLRF) rice flours by 28.19% and 27.80%, respectively. Nixtamalisation also enhanced the water absorption capacity of the rice flours, while the oil absorption capacity increased significantly. Pasting viscosities of all the nixtamalised flours were lower than their non-nixtamalised samples, while the pasting temperature increased. Nixtamalised rice cakes were not significantly different in colour, texture, flavour and overall acceptability from non-nixtamalised rice cakes. Nixtamalisation may be beneficial in rice processing for enhanced nutritional content and functionality, and the flour may be useful as a thickener and binder in food systems and the production of acceptable cakes.

Soaking time of lime solutions (Citrus aurantifolias) against the metal content reduction of cadmium in green shellfish (Perna viridis)

Indonesia has the potential for large marine and fisheries resources, reaching 23.26 million tons per year. Green shellfish (<em>Perna viridis</em>) are a source of animal protein that can be classified as Complete Protein because of its high levels of essential amino acids. These green shellfish are cheaper than other seafood products. However, heavy metals can be absorbed by shellfish, which is cadmium (Cd) which if consumed can accumulate in the body, cause health problems and lead to death. Therefore, research is needed to reduce cadmium levels in green shellfish, including using a lime solution (<em>Citrus aurantifolia).</em> This study was to determine the effectiveness of the soaking time of lime in reducing the cadmium levels in green shellfish. The research was an experimental with a pretest-posttest group design. Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney test was used to analyze data by SPSS. The results showed a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) that means the longer the soaking time, the longer the time for the citrate ions to react with metal cadmium, more cadmium is bound to the lime solution. It showed that soaking green shellfish with lime solution for 120 minutes was the most effective to reduce 73.77% of cadmium levels in green shellfish.

EFFECT OF COATING ON THE PHYSICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL QUALITY OF FRESH HEN EGG DURING STORAGE

<p>Hen egg is the most consumed animal food due to its high nutritional content, affordable and easy to obtain. However, eggs have the disadvantage for their short shelf life of about 7 days at room temperature. An effort to extend the shelf life of eggs including storing at low temperatures and/or coating. The research objective was to determine changes in the physical quality and morphology of chicken eggs coated with two material coating stored at room (25–29 °C) and AC/low (18–22 °C) temperature. The treatments tested were two kinds of coatings, namely gelatin and lime solution, and two storage temperature conditions, namely room and low temperature for 30 days. The study was conducted with three replications, each replication was observed on 5 eggs. The parameters observed were weight loss, Egg white index, Egg yolk index, air cavity, Haugh Unit and surface morphology. The results showed that at the end of storage for 30 days the eggs quality still met the SNI standards I to III. AC storage temperature was better than room temperature. The egg treated with coating produced better quality than without coating. The longer the storage, the lower the weight loss, HU, IPT and IKT. The best treatment was gelatin coating stored at AC temperature.</p>

The Influence of Lime Solution in Kneading Water Substitution on Cement Roughcast and Mortar Coating

The understanding of the mechanical fixation behavior of coatings is crucial for a better comprehension of the bonding systems, especially at the interface between the mortar and the substrate. Physical adherence is related, among other things, to the contents of the materials used in the roughcast and mortar coatings, due to the colloidal water penetration into the pores of the substrate. This work evaluated the influence of different lime solution additions replacing the kneading water in the preparation of roughcast and mortar coatings. Two types of substrates were investigated:ceramic bricks and concrete blocks. Three wall masonry panels were constructed, with dimensions of 220 × 180 cm2, one of concrete block and two of ceramic bricks, followed by the application of roughcast and mortar coating with an average thickness of 5 mm and 20 mm, respectively. Direct tensile bond strength tests were performed and the results, with a 95% confidence level, showed that substrate ceramic and treatment in the roughcast exhibited a better behavior regarding the distribution of the tensile bond strength of the tested specimens. However, no significant differences of the amount of addition used (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) on the tensile bond strength were observed.

Deterioration Caused By Sulfide-Bearing Aggregates: Performance Test Development

Recently in Quebec Canada, concrete structures suffered very rapid deterioration within 3 to 5 years of construction. The deterioration was caused by an iron sulfide, namely pyrrhotite, in the coarse aggregate that suffered oxidation inside concrete and promoted sulfate attack; indicated by the presence of ferric oxyhydroxides (“rust”), gypsum, ettringite, and thaumasite. The goal of the current work was to reproduce this reaction under accelerated laboratory conditions, in progression of a performance test. Conditions to promote pyrrhotite oxidation and internal sulfate attack were provided; exposure cycles were tested with heating and cooling, and saturation in oxidizing agents or lime solution. Oxidation was induced in concrete samples, however, other mechanisms contributed to deterioration. The bleach was found to promote NaCl and Friedel’s salt formation, furthermore, it seemed to mitigate expansion from sulfate attack. Sulfoaluminate decomposition was also found to cause secondary ettringite formation. More optimization to the test methods was recommended.

Deterioration Caused By Sulfide-Bearing Aggregates: Performance Test Development

Recently in Quebec Canada, concrete structures suffered very rapid deterioration within 3 to 5 years of construction. The deterioration was caused by an iron sulfide, namely pyrrhotite, in the coarse aggregate that suffered oxidation inside concrete and promoted sulfate attack; indicated by the presence of ferric oxyhydroxides (“rust”), gypsum, ettringite, and thaumasite. The goal of the current work was to reproduce this reaction under accelerated laboratory conditions, in progression of a performance test. Conditions to promote pyrrhotite oxidation and internal sulfate attack were provided; exposure cycles were tested with heating and cooling, and saturation in oxidizing agents or lime solution. Oxidation was induced in concrete samples, however, other mechanisms contributed to deterioration. The bleach was found to promote NaCl and Friedel’s salt formation, furthermore, it seemed to mitigate expansion from sulfate attack. Sulfoaluminate decomposition was also found to cause secondary ettringite formation. More optimization to the test methods was recommended.

Effect of Hydrogels Containing Nanosilica on the Properties of Cement Pastes

The effect of hydrogels containing nanosilica (NSi) on the autogenous shrinkage, mechanical strength, and electrical resistivity of cement pastes was studied. The interaction between the hydrogels and the surrounding cementitious matrix was examined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of hydrogels decreased autogenous shrinkage in the cement pastes and this reduction showed a dependence on the concentration of NSi in the hydrogels. Compressive strength and electrical resistivity were reduced in the cement pastes with hydrogels and this reduction was decreased with increased concentration of NSi in the hydrogel. A change in the phase composition of the cement paste in the region close to the hydrogel was noted, compared to the region away from the hydrogel. In a lime solution with increased pH and temperature, Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3 were found to form within the hydrogels; evidence of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) formation in the hydrogels with NSi was obtained, indicating the possible pozzolanic potential of the hydrogels with NSi.

THE EFFECT OF BOILING TIME AGINT THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, AND ORGANOLEPTIK OF PORK SKIN CRAKERS

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of boiling time on the chemical, organoleptic properties of pork skin crackers. The materials used in this study were pork skin, lime solution, seasonings and cooking oil. The design used was a completely randomized design consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were boiling for 5 minutes (R0), boiling time for 10 minutes (R1), boiling time for 15 minutes (R2), and boiling time for 20 minutes (R3). The results showed that the treatment had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on protein content, fat content, collagen, and organoleptic tests which included color, taste, crispness, level of preference, and shape of pork skin crackers. In conclusion, boiling can be done for 5 - 20 minutes, but to produce optimal skin crackers, boiling can be done for 15-20 minutes.

Influence of mineral admixtures on shrinkage deformation of stone from lime solution

The analysis of research works devoted to the study of different mineral admixtures influence on development of shrinkage deformation of cement stone is presented.There were studued strength properties and shrinkage deformation of stone from lime building solution based on binder agent with active mineral admixture. The authors give the data on the influence of active type admixture on the change of air shrinkage of stone aged up to 28 days, and the comparison of these date with plain solution content without admixtures has been carried out. It has been established that shrinkage for stone aged 28 days from mixture with metakaolin is 10 percent lower than that of stone of the same age from mixture with microsilica suspension.