scholarly journals The Cellular Expression and Genetics of Purple Body (Pb) in the Ocular Media of the Guppy Poecilia reticulata

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan S. Bias ◽  
Richard D. Squire
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Vitreous Humor ◽  
Uv Damage ◽  
Media Study ◽  
Visual Component ◽  
Cellular Expression ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Ocular Media ◽  
Filter Mechanism

AbstractOur study revealed the presence of all major classes of chromatophores (melanophores, xanthophores, erythrophores, violet-blue iridophores, xantho-erythrophores) and crystalline platelets in various combinations in the iris and ocular media (cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, outer lens membrane) of Poecilia reticulata. This novel ocular media study of P. reticulata takes into account the distinct interactions of Purple Body (Pb) based on results of previous Bias and Squire Purple Body (Pb) publications. Taken in conjunction with other researcher’s published results (regarding UV reflected color and pattern, vision, mate choice, individual preferences, and opsin capabilities) this indicates that these ocular chromatophore populations together create a complex ocular filter mechanism. This mechanism in turn provides spectral capabilities into the UV and Near-UV wavelengths in both Pb and non-Pb individuals. The chromatophores in the cornea, aqueous humor, covering membranes of the lens, and the vitreous humor comprise an ocular filter system that could reduce UV damage to the internal structures of the eye. The guppy’s ability to use UVA as a visual component provides a “private signally system” that cannot be detected by some predators. While non-Pb guppies should derive benefit in the near-UV from violet-blue iridophore units, greater benefit will be derived by Pb individuals with more violet iridophores functioning in the lower UV and near-UV wavelengths. To our knowledge little has been published for P. reticulata concerning pigmentation within the guppy eye. Macroscopic and microscopic imagery is presented.

Comparison of Fluconazole Pharmacokinetics in Serum, Aqueous Humor, Vitreous Humor, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Following a Single Dose and at Steady State

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMAR K. MIAN ◽  
MARTIN MAYERS ◽  
YOGENDER GARG ◽  
QING-FENG LIU ◽  
GIRARD NEWCOMER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Vitreous Humor

scholarly journals Modeling Approach To Characterize Intraocular Doripenem Pharmacokinetics after Intravenous Administration to Rabbits, with Tentative Extrapolation to Humans

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 3531-3534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oudy Semoun ◽  
Sandrine Marchand ◽  
Nicolas Grégoire ◽  
Isabelle Lamarche ◽  
Christophe Adier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Vitreous Humor ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Time Profiles ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Dosing Regimens ◽  
Sampling Times ◽  
Peripheral Elimination

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine the penetration of doripenem administered intravenously into the rabbit aqueous and vitreous humors. Nineteen New Zealand White rabbits received a 20-mg dose of doripenem intravenously over 60 min. Specimens of aqueous humor, vitreous humor, and blood were obtained 30 min (n= 5), 1 h (n= 5), 2 h (n= 5), and 3 h (n= 4) after the beginning of the infusion and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed to fit the experimental data. Doripenem concentrations in aqueous humor were lower than those in plasma ultrafiltrates at all sampling times, with an average aqueous humor-to-plasma ultrafiltrate area under the concentration-time curve ratio estimated as 8.3%. A pharmacokinetic model with peripheral elimination described the data adequately and was tentatively used to predict concentration-versus-time profiles and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) target attainment in patients under various dosing regimens. In conclusion, systematically administered doripenem does not seem to be a promising approach for the treatment of intraocular infections, especially since it could not be detected in the vitreous humor. However, this study has provided an opportunity to develop a new PK modeling approach to characterize the intraocular distribution of doripenem administered intravenously to rabbits, with tentative extrapolation to humans.

Post-mortem changes in metabolomic profiles of human serum, aqueous humor and vitreous humor

Metabolomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Zelentsova ◽  
Lyudmila V. Yanshole ◽  
Arsenty D. Melnikov ◽  
Ivan S. Kudryavtsev ◽  
Vladimir P. Novoselov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Vitreous Humor ◽  
Post Mortem

scholarly journals Cathepsin A activity of normal bovine ocular tissues and pathological human intraocular fluids.

1996 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Obuchowska ◽  
A Stankiewicz ◽  
Z Mariak
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Metastatic Tumor ◽  
Vitreous Humor ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Ocular Tissues ◽  
Intraocular Tumors ◽  
Bovine Ocular Tissues

Cathepsin A activity assayed with N-Cbz-Phe-Ala, N-Cbz-Glu-Tyr and N-Cbz-Glu-Phe as substrates, was measured in fresh corneas, lenses, aqueous humor, vitreous humor and choroid plus retinal pigment epithelium taken from normal bovine eye balls and in human intraocular fluids from the eye balls in various ocular diseases (cataract, glaucoma, diabetes, intraocular tumors). Cathepsin A exhibited a pH optimum at 5.0 and showed the highest specificity towards N-Cbz-Phe-Ala as a substrate. In bovine ocular tissues high cathepsin A activity was found in the choroid plus retinal pigment epithelium and in cornea. The lens and the vitreous humor showed low enzyme activity and the aqueous humor none at all. In the human aqueous humor of the eye with cataract cathepsin A activity was more than three times higher then in the eye with choroid tumor. In human vitreous humor in absolute glaucoma the activity was twice as high as in melanoma and almost three times higher than in the case of lung metastatic tumor. Diabetes in glaucoma increased seven fold cathepsin A activity in the vitreous humor.

Flow of water between aqueous and vitreous compartments in the rabbit eye

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (1) ◽  
pp. F104-F108 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Maurice
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Vitreous Body ◽  
Vitreous Humor ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Experimental Intervention ◽  
Rabbit Eye ◽  
Sulforhodamine B ◽  
Aqueous Outflow

When fluoresceinated dextran (FD) is injected into the vitreous body of the rabbit, it diffuses out of the eye through the anterior chamber so that the ratio of its concentration in the aqueous to that in the vitreous humor remains constant. The rate of loss of the substance from the eye suggests that the vitreous body is stagnant. After penetrating the vitreous body with a 25-gauge needle through the sclera, the FD fluorescence in the aqueous humor is reduced by a factor of three times on the average. This appears to be because the loss of fluid out of the scleral hole sets up a backward seepage of fluid through the anterior vitreous body, which opposes the diffusion of dextran into the anterior chamber. In contrast, making a needle hole has little effect on the level of sulforhodamine B, a more rapidly diffusing molecule, when it has been injected into the vitreous body, and none at all when it has been introduced into the cornea. The changes in the flow across the aqueous-vitreous interface, as well as the changes in aqueous outflow after an experimental intervention to the eye, may be estimated from a comparison of the changes in fluorescence in the anterior chamber of large and small molecular weight compounds injected into the vitreous body.

scholarly journals Tissue Distribution oftrans-Resveratrol and Its Metabolites after Oral Administration in Human Eyes

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaishuai Wang ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
Shuo Yang ◽  
Tiemei Yin ◽  
Yaoli Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Vitreous Humor ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Ocular Tissues ◽  
Suitable Amount ◽  
Pars Plana ◽  
Human Eyes

Purpose.This study was performed to measure the concentration oftrans-resveratrol and its three metabolites in human eyes.Methods.The patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were included. The participants were orally giventrans-resveratrol-based supplement (Longevinex®). A suitable amount of conjunctiva, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor were obtained during the operation. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was used to detect the concentration oftrans-resveratrol and its three metabolites in the various samples.Results.The average concentration of resveratrol in the conjunctiva was 17.19 ± 15.32 nmol/g (mean ± SD). The concentration of resveratrol in the aqueous humor was close to the limit of detection, but its metabolites could be quantified. The concentrations of resveratrol metabolites in the aqueous humor can be detected. In the vitreous humor, the average concentration of resveratrol-3-O-sulfate was 62.95 ± 41.97 nmol/L. The sulfate conjugations of resveratrol were recovered in the conjunctiva, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor.Conclusions.Resveratrol and its three metabolites can be detected in the ocular tissues after oral administration. Although the concentration of parent resveratrol was low in the eyes, its metabolites could be detected and may have a role in the treatment of ocular diseases.

scholarly journals Intraocular Penetration of Intravenous Micafungin in Inflamed Human Eyes

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 4027-4030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyofumi Mochizuki ◽  
Akira Sawada ◽  
Shinsuke Suemori ◽  
Hideaki Kawakami ◽  
Yoshiaki Niwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Vitreous Humor ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Human Eyes ◽  
Intraocular Penetration

ABSTRACTEight eyes of 7 patients with fungal disease received intravenous injections of 150 to 300 mg micafungin, and samples of blood, cornea, retina-choroid, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor were collected. The micafungin levels in all collected samples exceeded the MICs; however, the levels in the vitreous and aqueous humors were lower. Our findings suggest that intravenous micafungin should be given in combination with intravitreal antifungal agents after vitrectomy in severe cases of intraocular fungal diseases.

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