scholarly journals Awake fMRI Reveals Brain Regions for Novel Word Detection in Dogs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Prichard ◽  
Peter F. Cook ◽  
Mark Spivak ◽  
Raveena Chhibber ◽  
Gregory S. Berns
Keyword(s):  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Novelty Detection ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Multivoxel Pattern Analysis ◽  
Word Detection ◽  
Left Caudate ◽  
Basic Level

AbstractHow do dogs understand human words? At a basic level, understanding would require the discrimination of words from non-words. To determine the mechanisms of such a discrimination, we trained 12 dogs to retrieve two objects based on object names, then probed the neural basis for these auditory discriminations using awake-fMRI. We compared the neural response to these trained words relative to “oddball” pseudowords the dogs had not heard before. Consistent with novelty detection, we found greater activation for pseudowords relative to trained words bilaterally in the parietotemporal cortex. To probe the neural basis for representations of trained words, searchlight multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) revealed that a subset of dogs had clusters of informative voxels that discriminated between the two trained words. These clusters included the left temporal cortex and amygdala, left caudate nucleus, and thalamus. These results demonstrate that dogs’ processing of human words utilizes basic processes like novelty detection, and for some dogs, may also include auditory and hedonic representations.

scholarly journals Vision-to-value transformations in artificial neural networks and human brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trung Quang Pham ◽  
Takaaki Yoshimoto ◽  
Haruki Niwa ◽  
Haruka K Takahashi ◽  
Ryutaro Uchiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Multivoxel Pattern Analysis ◽  
Parietal Cortices ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractHumans and now computers can derive subjective valuations from sensory events although such transformation process is essentially unknown. In this study, we elucidated unknown neural mechanisms by comparing convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to their corresponding representations in humans. Specifically, we optimized CNNs to predict aesthetic valuations of paintings and examined the relationship between the CNN representations and brain activity via multivoxel pattern analysis. Primary visual cortex and higher association cortex activities were similar to computations in shallow CNN layers and deeper layers, respectively. The vision-to-value transformation is hence proved to be a hierarchical process which is consistent with the principal gradient that connects unimodal to transmodal brain regions (i.e. default mode network). The activity of the frontal and parietal cortices was approximated by goal-driven CNN. Consequently, representations of the hidden layers of CNNs can be understood and visualized by their correspondence with brain activity–facilitating parallels between artificial intelligence and neuroscience.

scholarly journals Distributed Patterns of Reactivation Predict Vividness of Recollection

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 2000-2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie St-Laurent ◽  
Hervé Abdi ◽  
Bradley R. Buchsbaum
Keyword(s):  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Subjective Quality ◽  
Multivoxel Pattern Analysis ◽  
With Memory ◽  
Objective Marker

According to the principle of reactivation, memory retrieval evokes patterns of brain activity that resemble those instantiated when an event was first experienced. Intuitively, one would expect neural reactivation to contribute to recollection (i.e., the vivid impression of reliving past events), but evidence of a direct relationship between the subjective quality of recollection and multiregional reactivation of item-specific neural patterns is lacking. The current study assessed this relationship using fMRI to measure brain activity as participants viewed and mentally replayed a set of short videos. We used multivoxel pattern analysis to train a classifier to identify individual videos based on brain activity evoked during perception and tested how accurately the classifier could distinguish among videos during mental replay. Classification accuracy correlated positively with memory vividness, indicating that the specificity of multivariate brain patterns observed during memory retrieval was related to the subjective quality of a memory. In addition, we identified a set of brain regions whose univariate activity during retrieval predicted both memory vividness and the strength of the classifier's prediction irrespective of the particular video that was retrieved. Our results establish distributed patterns of neural reactivation as a valid and objective marker of the quality of recollection.

scholarly journals A common neural system mediating two different forms of social judgement

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1183-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hall ◽  
H. C. Whalley ◽  
J. W. McKirdy ◽  
R. Sprengelmeyer ◽  
I. M. Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Social Function ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Social Judgement ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Social Tasks

BackgroundA wide range of neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), are associated with impairments in social function. Previous studies have shown that individuals with schizophrenia and ASD have deficits in making a wide range of social judgements from faces, including decisions related to threat (such as judgements of approachability) and decisions not related to physical threat (such as judgements of intelligence). We have investigated healthy control participants to see whether there is a common neural system activated during such social decisions, on the basis that deficits in this system may contribute to the impairments seen in these disorders.MethodWe investigated the neural basis of social decision making during judgements of approachability and intelligence from faces in 24 healthy participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We used conjunction analysis to identify common brain regions activated during both tasks.ResultsActivation of the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, inferior prefrontal cortex and cerebellum was seen during performance of both social tasks, compared to simple gender judgements from the same stimuli. Task-specific activations were present in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the intelligence task and in the inferior and middle temporal cortex in the approachability task.ConclusionsThe present study identified a common network of brain regions activated during the performance of two different forms of social judgement from faces. Dysfunction of this network is likely to contribute to the broad-ranging deficits in social function seen in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and ASD.

scholarly journals A double dissociation in sensitivity to verb and noun semantics across cortical networks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia V. Elli ◽  
Connor Lane ◽  
Marina Bedny
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Cortical Networks ◽  
Multivoxel Pattern Analysis ◽  
Double Dissociation ◽  
Neural Organization ◽  
Left Posterior

AbstractWhat is the neural organization of the mental lexicon? Previous research suggests that partially distinct cortical networks are active during verb and noun processing. Are these networks preferentially involved in representing the meanings of verbs as opposed to nouns? We used multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) to investigate whether brain regions that are more active during verb than noun processing are also more sensitive to distinctions among their preferred lexical class. Participants heard four types of verbs (light emission, sound emission, hand-related actions, mouth-related actions) and four types of nouns (birds, mammals, manmade places, natural places). As previously shown, the left posterior middle temporal gyrus (LMTG) and inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) responded more to verbs, whereas areas in the inferior parietal lobule (LIP), precuneus (LPC), and inferior temporal (LIT) cortex responded more to nouns. MVPA revealed a double-dissociation in semantic sensitivity: classification was more accurate among verbs than nouns in the LMTG, and among nouns than verbs in the LIP, LPC, and LIT. However, classification was similar for verbs and nouns in the LIFG, and above chance for the non-preferred category in all regions. These results suggest that the meanings of verbs and nouns are represented in partially non-overlapping networks.

scholarly journals Multivoxel Pattern Analysis Reveals Dissociations Between Subjective Fear and Its Physiological Correlates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Taschereau-Dumouchel ◽  
Mitsuo Kawato ◽  
Hakwan Lau
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Physiological Reactivity ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Multivoxel Pattern Analysis ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Objectively Measured

AbstractIn studies of anxiety and other affective disorders, objectively measured physiological responses have commonly been used as a proxy for measuring subjective experiences associated with pathology. However, this commonly adopted ‘biosignal’ approach has recently been called into question on the grounds that subjective experiences and objective physiological responses may dissociate. We performed machine-learning based analysis on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to assess this issue in the case of fear. Participants were presented with pictures of commonly feared animals in an fMRI experiment. Multivoxel brain activity decoders were trained to predict participants’ subjective fear ratings and their skin conductance reactivity, respectively. While subjective fear and objective physiological responses were correlated in general, the respective whole-brain multivoxel decoders for the two measures were not identical. Some key brain regions such as the amygdala and insula appear to be primarily involved in the prediction of physiological reactivity, while some regions previously associated with metacognition and conscious perception, including some areas in the prefrontal cortex, appear to be primarily predictive of the subjective experience of fear. The present findings are in support of the recent call for caution in assuming a one-to-one mapping between subjective sufferings and their putative biosignals, despite the clear advantages in the latter’s being objectively and continuously measurable in physiological terms.

scholarly journals Neural Representations Behind ‘Social Norm’ Inferences In Humans

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Pegado ◽  
Michelle H.A. Hendriks ◽  
Steffie Amelynck ◽  
Nicky Daniels ◽  
Jessica Bulthé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Norm ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Social Reasoning ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Multivoxel Pattern Analysis ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
The Social

AbstractHumans are highly skilled in social reasoning, e.g., inferring thoughts of others. This mentalizing ability systematically recruits brain regions such as Temporo-Parietal Junction (TPJ), Precuneus (PC) and medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC). Further, posterior mPFC is associated with allocentric mentalizing and conflict monitoring while anterior mPFC is associated with self-related mentalizing. Here we extend this work to how we reason not just about what one person thinks but about the abstract shared social norm. We apply functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate neural representations while participants judge the social congruency between emotional auditory in relation to visual scenes according to how ‘most people’ would perceive it. Behaviorally, judging according to a social norm increased the similarity of response patterns among participants. Multivoxel pattern analysis revealed that social congruency information was not represented in visual and auditory areas, but was clear in most parts of the mentalizing network: TPJ, PC and posterior (but not anterior) mPFC. Furthermore, interindividual variability in anterior mPFC representations was inversely related to the behavioral ability to adjust to the social norm. Our results suggest that social norm inferencing is associated with a distributed and partially individually specific representation of social congruency in the mentalizing network.

scholarly journals Multivoxel pattern analysis reveals dissociations between subjective fear and its physiological correlates

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 2342-2354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Taschereau-Dumouchel ◽  
Mitsuo Kawato ◽  
Hakwan Lau
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Physiological Reactivity ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Multivoxel Pattern Analysis ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Objectively Measured

Abstract In studies of anxiety and other affective disorders, objectively measured physiological responses have commonly been used as a proxy for measuring subjective experiences associated with pathology. However, this commonly adopted “biosignal” approach has recently been called into question on the grounds that subjective experiences and objective physiological responses may dissociate. We performed machine-learning-based analyses on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to assess this issue in the case of fear. Although subjective fear and objective physiological responses were correlated in general, the respective whole-brain multivoxel decoders for the two measures were different. Some key brain regions such as the amygdala and insula appear to be primarily involved in the prediction of physiological reactivity, whereas some regions previously associated with metacognition and conscious perception, including some areas in the prefrontal cortex, appear to be primarily predictive of the subjective experience of fear. The present findings are in support of the recent call for caution in assuming a one-to-one mapping between subjective sufferings and their putative biosignals, despite the clear advantages in the latter’s being objectively and continuously measurable in physiological terms.

scholarly journals Neural Basis of Olfactory and Trigeminal Integration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanna R. Karunanayaka ◽  
Jiaming Lu ◽  
Qing X. Yang ◽  
K. Sathian
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Localization Accuracy ◽  
Inferior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Superior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Connectivity Patterns ◽  
Primary Olfactory Cortex

ABSTRACTHumans naturally integrate signals from the olfactory and intranasal trigeminal systems. A tight interplay has been demonstrated between these two systems, and yet the underlying neural circuitry that mediate olfactory-trigeminal integration remains unclear. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this study investigated the neural mechanisms underlying olfactory-trigeminal integration. Fifteen subjects with normal olfactory function performed a localization task with weak or strong air-puff stimuli, phenylethyl alcohol (PEA; rose odor), or a combination. Although the ability to localize PEA to either nostril was at chance, its presence significantly improved the localization accuracy of weak, but not strong, air-puffs, relative to the localization of air-puffs without concomitant PEA, when both stimuli were delivered concurrently to the same nostril. This enhancement in localization accuracy was directly correlated with the magnitude of multisensory activity in the primary olfactory cortex (POC). Changes in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) multisensory activity alone could not predict task performance, but changes in OFC and POC connectivity could. Similar activity and connectivity patterns were observed in the superior temporal cortex (STC), inferior parietal cortex (IPC) and the cerebellum. Taken together, these results suggest that olfactory-trigeminal integration is occurring across multiple brain regions. These findings can be interpreted as an indication that the POC is part of a distributed brain network that mediate the integration between olfactory and trigeminal systems.

scholarly journals Probable REM sleep behavior disorder is associated with longitudinal cortical thinning in Parkinson’s disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Jin Yoon ◽  
Oury Monchi
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Sleep Behavior ◽  
Left Caudate ◽  
Left Insula ◽  
Subcortical Volume

AbstractREM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) has a poor prognostic implication in both motor and non-motor functions in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. However, to the best of our knowledge no study to date investigated the longitudinal cerebral changes underlying RBD symptoms in PD. We performed the longitudinal study to investigate the association between probable RBD and cortical and subcortical changes in early, de novo PD patients. We studied 78 participants from the Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative who underwent structural MRI at baseline and after 2 years. The presence of probable RBD (pRBD) was evaluated using the RBD screening questionnaire. We compared the cross-sectional and longitudinal cortical thickness and subcortical volume changes, between PD patients with and without pRBD. At baseline, we found bilateral inferior temporal cortex thinning in the PD-pRBD group compared with the PD-noRBD group. Longitudinally, the PD-pRBD group revealed a significant increase in the rate of thinning in the left insula compared with the PD-noRBD group, and the increased thinning correlated with decreased cognitive performance. In subcortical volume analyses, the presence of pRBD was linked with volume decrease over time in the left caudate nucleus, pallidum and amygdala. The volume changes in the left caudate nucleus revealed correlations with global cognition. These results support the idea that RBD is an important marker of rapid progression in PD motor and non-motor symptoms and suggest that the atrophy in the left insula and caudate nucleus might be the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of the poorer prognosis in PD patients with RBD.

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