scholarly journals Replicating infant astrocyte behavior in the adult after brain injury improves outcomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Teo ◽  
Anthony G. Boghdadi ◽  
Jihane Homman-Ludiye ◽  
Iñaki Carril-Mundiñano ◽  
William C. Kwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Glial Scarring

AbstractInfants and adults respond differently to brain injuries. Specifically, improved neuronal sparing along with reduced astrogliosis and glial scarring often observed earlier in life, likely contributes to improved long-term outcomes. Understanding the underlying mechanisms could enable the recapitulation of neuroprotective effects, observed in infants, to benefit adult patients after brain injuries. We reveal that in primates, Eph/ ephrin signaling contributes to age-dependent reactive astrocyte behavior. Ephrin-A5 expression on astrocytes was more protracted in adults, whereas ephrin-A1 was associated only with infant astrocytes. Furthermore, ephrin-A5 exacerbated major hallmarks of astrocyte reactivity via EphA2 and EphA4 receptors, which was subsequently alleviated by ephrin-A1. Rather than suppressing reactivity, ephrin-A1 signaling shifted astrocytes towards GAP43+ neuroprotection, accounting for improved neuronal sparing in infants. Reintroducing ephrin-A1 after middle-aged ischemic stroke significantly attenuated glial scarring, improved neuronal sparing and preserved circuitry. Therefore, beneficial infant mechanisms can be recapitulated in adults to improve outcomes after CNS injuries.

scholarly journals Adropin confers neuroprotection and promotes functional recovery from ischemic stroke

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changjun Yang ◽  
Bianca P Lavayen ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Brian D Sanz ◽  
Kelly M DeMars ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Stroke Outcomes ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Genetic Deletion ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Endothelial Nitric Oxide

Adropin is a highly-conserved peptide that has been shown to preserve endothelial barrier function. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a key pathological event in cerebral ischemia. However, the effects of adropin on ischemic stroke outcomes remain unexplored. Hypothesizing that adropin exerts neuroprotective effects by maintaining BBB integrity, we investigated the role of adropin in stroke pathology utilizing loss- and gain-of-function genetic approaches combined with pharmacological treatment with synthetic adropin peptide. Stroke decreased endogenous adropin levels in the brain and plasma. Adropin treatment or transgenic adropin overexpression robustly reduced brain injury and improved long-term sensorimotor and cognitive function in young and aged mice subjected to ischemic stroke. In contrast, genetic deletion of adropin exacerbated ischemic brain injury. Mechanistically, adropin neuroprotection depends on endothelial nitric oxide synthase and is associated with reduced BBB permeability and neuroinflammation. We identify adropin as a novel neuroprotective peptide with the potential to improve stroke outcomes.

Traumatic Brain Injury: A Trauma Surgeon's Perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Oscar D. Guillamondegui
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Trauma Team ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Injured Brain ◽  
The Moment

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious epidemic in the United States. It affects patients of all ages, race, and socioeconomic status (SES). The current care of these patients typically manifests after sequelae have been identified after discharge from the hospital, long after the inciting event. The purpose of this article is to introduce the concept of identification and management of the TBI patient from the moment of injury through long-term care as a multidisciplinary approach. By promoting an awareness of the issues that develop around the acutely injured brain and linking them to long-term outcomes, the trauma team can initiate care early to alter the effect on the patient, family, and community. Hopefully, by describing the care afforded at a trauma center and by a multidisciplinary team, we can bring a better understanding to the armamentarium of methods utilized to treat the difficult population of TBI patients.

Cerebral Microbleeds Load and Long-Term Outcomes in Minor Ischemic Stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 105973
Author(s):  
Kenichi Sakuta ◽  
Hiroshi Yaguchi ◽  
Ryoji Nakada ◽  
Takeo Sato ◽  
Tomomichi Kitagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cerebral Microbleeds ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Minor Ischemic Stroke

Long-term outcomes after mild traumatic brain injury

2014 ◽  
Vol 219 (4) ◽  
pp. e144-e145
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Shinn ◽  
Amy Pate ◽  
Frederique Pinto ◽  
Akella Chendrasekhar
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Long Term Outcomes

scholarly journals Exosomal MicroRNA Differential Expression in Plasma of Young Adults with Chronic Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Healthy Control

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Rany Vorn ◽  
Maiko Suarez ◽  
Jacob C. White ◽  
Carina A. Martin ◽  
Hyung-Suk Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Persistent Symptoms ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Chronic mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has long-term consequences, such as neurological disability, but its pathophysiological mechanism is unknown. Exosomal microRNAs (exomiRNAs) may be important mediators of molecular and cellular changes involved in persistent symptoms after mTBI. We profiled exosomal microRNAs (exomiRNAs) in plasma from young adults with or without a chronic mTBI to decipher the underlying mechanisms of its long-lasting symptoms after mTBI. We identified 25 significantly dysregulated exomiRNAs in the chronic mTBI group (n = 29, with 4.48 mean years since the last injury) compared to controls (n = 11). These miRNAs are associated with pathways of neurological disease, organismal injury and abnormalities, and psychological disease. Dysregulation of these plasma exomiRNAs in chronic mTBI may indicate that neuronal inflammation can last long after the injury and result in enduring and persistent post-injury symptoms. These findings are useful for diagnosing and treating chronic mTBIs.

scholarly journals Combat-related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Association between Baseline Diffusion-Tensor Imaging Findings and Long-term Outcomes

Radiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 280 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Ware ◽  
Rosette C. Biester ◽  
Elizabeth Whipple ◽  
Keith M. Robinson ◽  
Richard J. Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Long Term Outcomes
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