Adhesive Contact Between Cylindrical (Ebola) and Spherical (SARS-CoV-2) Viral Particles and a Cell Membrane

AbstractA critical event during the process of cell infection by a viral particle is attachment, which is driven by adhesive interactions and resisted by bending and tension. The biophysics of this process has been studied extensively but the additional role of externally applied force or displacement has generally been neglected. In this work we study the adhesive force-displacement response of viral particles against a cell membrane. We have built two models: one in which the viral particle is cylindrical (say, representative of filamentous virus such as Ebola) and another in which it is spherical (such as SARS-CoV-2 and Zika). Our interest is in initial adhesion, in which case deformations are small and the mathematical model for the system can be simplified considerably. The parameters that characterize the process combine into two dimensionless groups that represent normalized membrane bending stiffness and tension. In the limit where bending dominates, for sufficiently large values of normalized bending stiffness, there is no adhesion between viral particles and the cell membrane without applied force. (The zero-external-force contact width and pull-off force are both zero.) For large values of normalized membrane tension, the adhesion between virus and cell membrane is weak but stable. (The contact width at zero external force has a small value.) Our results for pull-off force and zero force contact width help to quantify conditions that could aid the development of therapies based on denying the virus entry into the cell by blocking its initial adhesion.

Download Full-text

Adhesive contact between cylindrical (Ebola) and spherical (SARS-CoV-2) viral particles and a cell membrane

Mechanics Of Soft Materials ◽

10.1007/s42558-020-00026-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jiajun Wang ◽

Nicole Lapinski ◽

Xiaohui Zhang ◽

Anand Jagota

Keyword(s):

Cell Membrane ◽

Adhesive Contact ◽

Viral Particles ◽

A Cell

Download Full-text

Contribution of the Cytoplasmic Determinants of Vpu to the Expansion of Virus-Containing Compartments in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00020-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 93 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Olivier Leymarie ◽

Leslie Lepont ◽

Margaux Versapuech ◽

Delphine Judith ◽

Sophie Abelanet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Viral Particle ◽

Transmembrane Domain ◽

Immune Surveillance ◽

Restriction Factor ◽

Viral Particles ◽

Protein Functions ◽

Specific Accumulation ◽

Model Cell ◽

Hiv 1

ABSTRACTHIV-1 infection of macrophages leads to the sequestration of newly formed viruses in intracellular plasma membrane-connected structures termed virus-containing compartments (VCCs), where virions remain infectious and hidden from immune surveillance. The cellular restriction factor bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2), which prevents HIV-1 dissemination by tethering budding viral particles at the plasma membrane, can be found in VCCs. The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu counteracts the restriction factor BST2 by downregulating its expression and removing it from viral budding sites. Numerous studies described these Vpu countermeasures in CD4+T cells or model cell lines, but the interplay between Vpu and BST2 in VCC formation and HIV-1 production in macrophages is less explored. Here, we show that Vpu expression in HIV-1-infected macrophages enhances viral release. This effect is related to Vpu’s ability to circumvent BST2 antiviral activity. We show that in absence of Vpu, BST2 is enriched in VCCs and colocalizes with capsid p24, whereas Vpu expression significantly reduces the presence of BST2 in these compartments. Furthermore, our data reveal that BST2 is dispensable for the formation of VCCs and that Vpu expression impacts the volume of these compartments. This Vpu activity partly depends on BST2 expression and requires the integrity of the Vpu transmembrane domain, the dileucine-like motif E59XXXLV64and phosphoserines 52 and 56 of Vpu. Altogether, these results highlight that Vpu controls the volume of VCCs and promotes HIV-1 release from infected macrophages.IMPORTANCEHIV-1 infection of macrophages leads to the sequestration of newly formed viruses in virus-containing compartments (VCCs), where virions remain infectious and hidden from immune surveillance. The restriction factor BST2, which prevents HIV-1 dissemination by tethering budding viral particles, can be found in VCCs. The HIV-1 Vpu protein counteracts BST2. This study explores the interplay between Vpu and BST2 in the viral protein functions on HIV-1 release and viral particle sequestration in VCCs in macrophages. The results show that Vpu controls the volume of VCCs and favors viral particle release. These Vpu functions partly depend on Vpu’s ability to antagonize BST2. This study highlights that the transmembrane domain of Vpu and two motifs of the Vpu cytoplasmic domain are required for these functions. These motifs were notably involved in the control of the volume of VCCs by Vpu but were dispensable for the prevention of the specific accumulation of BST2 in these structures.

Download Full-text

Intercellular adhesion of rat hepatocytes. Identification of a cell surface glycoprotein involved in the initial adhesion process.

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34499-5 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 257 (12) ◽

pp. 6788-6795 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

C Ocklind ◽

B Obrink

Keyword(s):

Cell Surface ◽

Rat Hepatocytes ◽

Intercellular Adhesion ◽

Surface Glycoprotein ◽

Cell Surface Glycoprotein ◽

Initial Adhesion ◽

A Cell ◽

Adhesion Process

Download Full-text

Laser-generated bubbles take aim at a cell membrane

Physics Today ◽

10.1063/1.3490488 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 63 (9) ◽

pp. 17-17

Author(s):

Mark Wilson

Keyword(s):

Cell Membrane ◽

A Cell

Download Full-text

A cell membrane antigen expressed by both human breast carcinoma cells and normal human trophoblast

Placenta ◽

10.1016/s0143-4004(80)80031-2 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 299-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

L.C.P. Shah ◽

A.O. Ogbimi ◽

P.M. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Breast Carcinoma ◽

Cell Membrane ◽

Carcinoma Cells ◽

Human Breast ◽

Human Trophoblast ◽

Breast Carcinoma Cells ◽

A Cell ◽

Normal Human ◽

Human Breast Carcinoma Cells ◽

Cell Membrane Antigen

Download Full-text

Line tension and the penetration of a cell membrane by an oil drop

Journal of Theoretical Biology ◽

10.1016/0022-5193(67)90170-1 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 246-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

N.L. Gershfeld ◽

R.J. Good

Keyword(s):

Cell Membrane ◽

Line Tension ◽

A Cell

Download Full-text

Biological activity of liposome-encapsulated murine interferon gamma is mediated by a cell membrane receptor.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.82.11.3688 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 82 (11) ◽

pp. 3688-3692 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

D. A. Eppstein ◽

Y. V. Marsh ◽

M. van der Pas ◽

P. L. Felgner ◽

A. B. Schreiber

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Cell Membrane ◽

Interferon Gamma ◽

Membrane Receptor ◽

A Cell

Download Full-text

Non-contact-based determination of membrane permeability to water and dimethyl sulfoxide of cells virtually trapped in a self-induced micro-vortex

Lab on a Chip ◽

10.1039/d1lc00846c ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hsiu-Yang Tseng ◽

Chiu-Jen Chen ◽

Zong-Lin Wu ◽

Yong-Ming Ye ◽

Guo-Zhen Huang

Keyword(s):

Cell Membrane ◽

Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽

Membrane Permeability ◽

Cell Membrane Permeability ◽

Cell Type ◽

Cryoprotective Agents ◽

A Cell

Cell-membrane permeability to water (Lp) and cryoprotective agents (Ps) of a cell type is a crucial cellular information for achieving optimal cryopreservation in the biobanking industry. In this work, a...

Download Full-text