Integrating tracking and resight data from breeding Painted Bunting populations enables unbiased inferences about migratory connectivity and winter range survival

Archival geolocators have transformed the study of small, migratory organisms but analysis of data from these devices requires bias correction because tags are only recovered from individuals that survive and are re-captured at their tagging location. We show that integrating geolocator recovery data and mark-resight data enables unbiased estimates of both migratory connectivity between breeding and non-breeding populations and region-specific survival probabilities for wintering locations. Using simulations, we first demonstrate that an integrated Bayesian model returns unbiased estimates of transition probabilities between seasonal ranges and to determine how different sampling designs influence estimability of transition probabilities. We then parameterize the model with tracking data and mark-resight data from declining Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris) populations breeding in the eastern United States, hypothesized to be threatened by the illegal pet trade in parts of their Caribbean, non-breeding range. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that male buntings wintering in Cuba were 20% less likely to return to the breeding grounds than birds wintering elsewhere in their range. Improving inferences from archival tags through proper data collection and further development of integrated models will advance our understanding of full annual cycle ecology of migratory species.