scholarly journals Quantitative and dynamic cell polarity tracking in plant cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Gong ◽  
Rachel Varnau ◽  
Eva-Sophie Wallner ◽  
Dominique C. Bergmann ◽  
Lily S. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Versatile Tool ◽  
Dynamic Cell ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

ABSTRACTQuantitative information on the spatiotemporal distribution of polarized proteins is central for understanding cell-fate determination, yet collecting sufficient data for statistical analysis is difficult to accomplish with manual measurements. Here we present POME, a semi-automated pipeline for the quantification of cell polarity, and demonstrate its application to a variety of developmental contexts. POME analysis reveals that during asymmetric cell divisions in the Arabidopsis thaliana stomatal lineage, polarity proteins BASL and BRXL2 are more asynchronous and less mutually dependent than previously thought. While their interaction is important to maintain their polar localization and recruit other effectors to regulate asymmetric cell divisions, BRXL2 polarization precedes that of BASL and can be initiated in BASL’s absence. Uncoupling of polarization from BASL activity is also seen in Brachypodium distachyon, where we find that the MAPKKK BdYDA1 is segregated and polarized following asymmetric division. Our results demonstrate that POME is a versatile tool, which by itself or combined with tissue-level studies and advanced microscopy techniques can help uncover new mechanisms of cell polarity.

scholarly journals A Plant-Specific Polarity Module Establishes Cell Fate Asymmetry in the Arabidopsis Stomatal Lineage

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew H. Rowe ◽  
Juan Dong ◽  
Annika K. Weimer ◽  
Dominique C. Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Collective Activity ◽  
Developmental Contexts ◽  
Stomatal Lineage

SUMMARYGenerating cell polarity in anticipation of asymmetric cell division is required in many developmental contexts across a diverse range of species. Physical and genetic diversity among major multicellular taxa, however, demand different molecular solutions to this problem. The Arabidopsis stomatal lineage displays asymmetric, stem cell-like and oriented cell divisions, which require the activity of the polarly localized protein, BASL. Here we identify the plant-specific BREVIS RADIX (BRX) family as localization and activity partners of BASL. We show that members of the BRX family are polarly localized to peripheral domains in stomatal lineage cells and that their collective activity is required for asymmetric cell divisions. We further demonstrate a mechanism for these behaviors by uncovering mutual, yet unequal dependencies of BASL and the BRX family for each other’s localization and segregation at the periphery of stomatal lineage cells.

scholarly journals Regulating the regulator: Numb acts upstream of p53 to control mammary stem and progenitor cell

2015 ◽  
Vol 211 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa M. Faraldo ◽  
Marina A. Glukhova
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Stem Cell Expansion ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Cell Fate Determinant ◽  
Mammary Stem

In this issue, Tosoni et al. (2015. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201505037) report that cell fate determinant and tumor suppressor Numb imposes asymmetric cell divisions in mammary stem cells by regulating p53. Numb thereby restricts mammary stem cell expansion and controls the proliferation and lineage-specific characteristics of their progeny.

scholarly journals Conservation and Divergence of YODA MAPKKK Function in Regulation of Grass Epidermal Patterning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Abrash ◽  
M Ximena Anleu Gil ◽  
Juliana L Matos ◽  
Dominique C Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Asymmetric Divisions ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

AbstractAll multicellular organisms must properly pattern cell types to generate functional tissues and organs. The organized and predictable cell lineages of the Brachypodium leaf enabled us to characterize the role of the MAPK kinase kinase gene BdYODA1 in regulating asymmetric cell divisions. We find that YODA genes promote normal stomatal spacing patterns in both Arabidopsis and Brachypodium, despite species-specific differences in those patterns. Using lineage tracing and cell fate markers, we show that, unexpectedly, patterning defects in bdyoda1 mutants do not arise from faulty physical asymmetry in cell divisions but rather from improper enforcement of alternative cellular fates after division. These cross-species comparisons allow us to refine our interpretations of MAPK activities during plant asymmetric cell divisions.Summary StatementAnalysis of Brachypodium leaf epidermis development reveals that the MAPKKK, BdYODA1, regulates asymmetric divisions by enforcing resultant cell fates rather than driving initial physical asymmetries.

scholarly journals Phosphatidic acid increases Notch signalling by affecting Sanpodo trafficking during Drosophila sensory organ development

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Medina-Yáñez ◽  
Gonzalo H. Olivares ◽  
Franco Vega-Macaya ◽  
Marek Mlodzik ◽  
Patricio Olguín
Keyword(s):  
Phosphatidic Acid ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Phospholipase D ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Notch Signalling ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
Cell Divisions

AbstractOrgan cell diversity depends on binary cell-fate decisions mediated by the Notch signalling pathway during development and tissue homeostasis. A clear example is the series of binary cell-fate decisions that take place during asymmetric cell divisions that give rise to the sensory organs of Drosophila melanogaster. The regulated trafficking of Sanpodo, a transmembrane protein that potentiates receptor activity, plays a pivotal role in this process. Membrane lipids can regulate many signalling pathways by affecting receptor and ligand trafficking. It remains unknown, however, whether phosphatidic acid regulates Notch-mediated binary cell-fate decisions during asymmetric cell divisions, and what are the cellular mechanisms involved. Here we show that increased phosphatidic acid derived from Phospholipase D leads to defects in binary cell-fate decisions that are compatible with ectopic Notch activation in precursor cells, where it is normally inactive. Null mutants of numb or the α-subunit of Adaptor Protein complex-2 enhance dominantly this phenotype while removing a copy of Notch or sanpodo suppresses it. In vivo analyses show that Sanpodo localization decreases at acidic compartments, associated with increased internalization of Notch. We propose that Phospholipase D-derived phosphatidic acid promotes ectopic Notch signalling by increasing receptor endocytosis and inhibiting Sanpodo trafficking towards acidic endosomes.

scholarly journals Spindle orientation and epidermal morphogenesis

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1629) ◽  
pp. 20130016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Kulukian ◽  
Elaine Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Spindle Orientation ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Molecular Machinery ◽  
Asymmetric Partitioning

Asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) result in two unequal daughter cells and are a hallmark of stem cells. ACDs can be achieved either by asymmetric partitioning of proteins and organelles or by asymmetric cell fate acquisition due to the microenvironment in which the daughters are placed. Increasing evidence suggests that in the mammalian epidermis, both of these processes occur. During embryonic epidermal development, changes occur in the orientation of the mitotic spindle in relation to the underlying basement membrane. These changes are guided by conserved molecular machinery that is operative in lower eukaryotes and dictates asymmetric partitioning of proteins during cell divisions. That said, the shift in spindle alignment also determines whether a division will be parallel or perpendicular to the basement membrane, and this in turn provides a differential microenvironment for the resulting daughter cells. Here, we review how oriented divisions of progenitors contribute to the development and stratification of the epidermis.

scholarly journals On the edge: Evolution of polarity protein BASL and the capacity for stomatal lineage asymmetric divisions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ido Nir ◽  
Gabriel O Amador ◽  
Yan Gong ◽  
Nicole K Smoot ◽  
Le Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Division Plane ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Asymmetric Divisions ◽  
Stem Cell Divisions ◽  
Stomatal Lineage

Asymmetric and oriented stem cell divisions enable the continued production of patterned tissues. The molecules that guide these divisions include several polarity proteins that are localized to discrete plasma membrane domains, are differentially inherited during asymmetric divisions, and whose scaffolding activities can guide division plane orientation and subsequent cell fates. In the stomatal lineages on the surfaces of plant leaves, asymmetric and oriented divisions create distinct cell types in physiologically optimized patterns. The polarity protein BASL is a major regulator of stomatal lineage division and cell fate asymmetries in Arabidopsis, but its role in the stomatal lineages of other plants was unclear. Here, using phylogenetic and functional assays, we demonstrate that BASL is a dicot specific polarity protein. Among dicots, divergence in BASLs roles may reflect some intrinsic protein differences, but more likely reflects previously unappreciated differences in how asymmetric cell divisions are employed for pattern formation in different species. This multi-species analysis therefore provides insight into the evolution of a unique polarity regulator and into the developmental choices available to cells as they build and pattern tissues.

A functional analysis of inscuteable and its roles during Drosophila asymmetric cell divisions

1999 ◽  
Vol 112 (10) ◽  
pp. 1541-1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tio ◽  
M. Zavortink ◽  
X. Yang ◽  
W. Chia
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Mother Cell ◽  
Apical Cell ◽  
Cell Cortex ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Asymmetric Divisions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Ganglion Mother Cell

Cellular diversity in the Drosophila central nervous system is generated through a series of asymmetric cell divisions in which one progenitor produces two daughter cells with distinct fates. Asymmetric basal cortical localisation and segregation of the determinant Prospero during neuroblast cell divisions play a crucial role in effecting distinct cell fates for the progeny sibling neuroblast and ganglion mother cell. Similarly asymmetric localisation and segregation of the determinant Numb during ganglion mother cell divisions ensure that the progeny sibling neurons attain distinct fates. The most upstream component identified so far which acts to organise both neuroblast and ganglion mother cell asymmetric divisions is encoded by inscuteable. The Inscuteable protein is itself asymmetrically localised to the apical cell cortex and is required both for the basal localisation of the cell fate determinants during mitosis and for the orientation of the mitotic spindle along the apical/basal axis. Here we define the functional domains of Inscuteable. We show that aa252-578 appear sufficient to effect all aspects of its function, however, the precise requirements for its various functions differ. The region, aa288-497, is necessary and sufficient for apical cortical localisation and for mitotic spindle (re)orientation along the apical/basal axis. A larger region aa288-540 is necessary and sufficient for asymmetric Numb localisation and segregation; however, correct localisation of Miranda and Prospero requires additional sequences from aa540-578. The requirement for the resolution of distinct sibling neuronal fates appears to coincide with the region necessary and sufficient for Numb localisation (aa288-540). Our data suggest that apical localisation of the Inscuteable protein is a necessary prerequisite for all other aspects of its function. Finally, we show that although inscuteable RNA is normally apically localised, RNA localisation is not required for protein localisation or any aspects of inscuteable function.

scholarly journals Tuning of self-renewing capacity in the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage by hormonal and nutrition regulation of asymmetric cell divisions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Gong ◽  
Julien Alassimone ◽  
Rachel Varnau ◽  
Nidhi Sharma ◽  
Lily S. Cheung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Glucose Signaling ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Asymmetric Divisions ◽  
Stomatal Lineage

ABSTRACTAsymmetric and self-renewing divisions build and pattern tissues. In the Arabidopsis thaliana stomatal lineage, asymmetric cell divisions, guided by polarly localized cortical proteins, generate the majority of cells on the leaf surface. These divisions can be fine-tuned by systemic and environmental signals to modify tissue development, but the molecular mechanisms by which plants incorporate such cues to regulate asymmetric divisions are largely unknown. In a screen for modulators of cell polarity and asymmetric divisions, we identified a mutation in CONSTITIUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE 1, a negative regulator of ethylene signaling. We subsequently revealed antagonistic impacts of ethylene and glucose signaling on the self-renewing capacity of stomatal lineage stem cells. Quantitative analysis of the impacts of these signaling systems on cell polarity and fate dynamics showed that developmental information may be encoded in both the spatial and temporal asymmetries of polarity proteins. Taken together, our results provide a framework for a mechanistic understanding of how systemic information such as nutritional status and environmental factors tune stem cell behavior in the stomatal lineage, ultimately enabling optimization of leaf size and cell-type composition.

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